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Ancient World History

Ancient World History. Prehistory to 1500 Foundations of Civilization. Civilizations & Topics. Neolithic Revolution Core Civilizations Five Major World Religions Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Islam China: Qin and Han Empires India: Maurya and Gupta Empires

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Ancient World History

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  1. Ancient World History Prehistory to 1500 Foundations of Civilization

  2. Civilizations & Topics • Neolithic Revolution • Core Civilizations • Five Major World Religions • Judaism • Hinduism • Buddhism • Christianity • Islam • China: Qin and Han Empires • India: Maurya and Gupta Empires • Mesoamerica: Maya, Aztec, Inca • Middle Asia: Mongols • Middle East: Muslim Empires • South/East Africa: Great Zimbabwe, Swahili city-states • West Africa: Songhai, Mali, Ghana • Western/European: Ancient Greece & Roman Empires

  3. Notes: Timeline • One side 500BCE – 1450 CE • Other side 1450CE - present

  4. Themes from the Topics • Development of civilization, sources of power • Development of world religions • Regional trade: Silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean sea lanes • New technologies • Growth of bureaucracy/state practices • Cross cultural interactions, technological and cultural transfers

  5. Neolithic Revolution • Beginning about 10,000 years ago • Emergence of permanent agriculture • Emergence of pastoralism (domesticating animals) • At different times, in: • Mesopotamia • Nile River Valley & Sub-Saharan Africa • Indus River Valley • Yellow River • Papua New Guinea • Mesoamerica • Andes

  6. Neolithic Revolution • Transformation of human societies • Work cooperatively for agriculture, more food=more ppl • Specialization of labor, new classes of artisans, warriors, elites: Hierarchical social structures • Improvements in agriculture, trade, transportation: • Pottery • Plows • Woven textiles • Metallurgy • Wheels and wheeled vehicles

  7. What is a civilization? • All civilizations have in common: • Agricultural surpluses that allowed for specialization • Cities • Complex institutions, like bureaucracies, armies, religions • Social hierarchies • Long-distance trading relationships

  8. Core and foundational civilizations 5. Olmec: modern south-central Mexico 6. Chavin: modern day Peru 6. 5.

  9. India: Maurya and Gupta Empires • Maurya Empire: Chandragupta Maurya 303 BCE • 2000 miles, northern India • Grandson Asoka & his Edicts • Fell apart by 185 BCE

  10. Examples of Edicts • Dharma is good, but what constitutes Dharma? (It includes) little evil, much good, kindness, generosity, truthfulness and purity. Pilar Edict Nb2 (S. Dharmika) • And noble deeds of Dharma and the practice of Dharma consist of having kindness, generosity, truthfulness, purity, gentleness and goodness increase among the people. Rock Pilar Nb7 (S. Dharmika) • All religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of heart. Rock Edict Nb7 (S. Dhammika) • Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Rock Edict Nb1 (S. Dhammika) • Contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions. Rock Edict Nb12 (S. Dhammika)

  11. Gupta Empire, 320 - 550AD • Chandra Gupta and two heirs • 3rd: Chandra Gupta II, 40 years of incredible achievements • Classical Age of Hindu and Buddhist art and literature, for example: • Author Kalidasa • Kama Sutra • First base-10 numeral system • Sun-centered astronomy • Plastic surgery, cataract surgery

  12. Hinduism • Developed over centuries; pre-1500 BCE • 1 billion Hindus worldwide; 900 million in India • Collection of different beliefs rather than rigid rules • Complete freedom of belief • Basic precepts include: dharma, samara, karma, moksha, Brahman • Thousands of gods • Shiva • Brahma • Vishnu

  13. Buddhism • Based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha once he achieved enlightenment • Born about 563 BCE (Mauryan Empire) • Encompasses variety of traditions, precepts: ethical life, mindfullness • Approximately 350-500 million Buddhists in the world • Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), the Sangha (community)

  14. China: Philosophies • Variety of Chinese dynasties rose and fell 2000BCS+ • During time of turmoil, various philosophies arise: • Confucius (551 BCE): 5 basic relationship around which to organize society, filial piety • Laozi (~553BCE): Daoism – “the way” – finding the natural order of things • Legalism: strong, harsh leader necessary to rule over ppl • Yin and yang: 2 powers that represent natural rhythms of life

  15. Qin Dynasty • Rises in 221 BCE, based on legalism • Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China • Centralization • Great Wall of China: 1400 miles long • Ends 206 BCE

  16. Han Dynasty • 202 BCE – 225 CE, ruled thru mandate of heaven • Centralized gov’t, large bureaucracy • Civil service : intellectual + literary jobs impt • Paper invented 105 CE: more bureaucracy! • Expanded thru assimilation • China’s Golden Age: today, Chinese refer to themselves as ethically Han

  17. Ancient Greece • 800BCE to 146 BCE (when came under Roman rule) • Iliad and Odyssey date from 800BCE • 776 BCE first Olympics • Sappho • Pythagoras

  18. Ancient Greece • “Classical Greece”: 480-323BCE (until Alexander dies) • Hippocrates • Plato • Socrates • Thucydides • Hellenistic Greece: 323-146BCE • Euclid • Archimedes

  19. Alexander the Great

  20. Homework for next class: • 3 - 5 slide ppt on a trade route: • Silk Roads: Harrison • Mediterranean Sea trade routes: Ben • Trans-Saharan trade routes: Jackie • Indian Ocean sea lanes: Elliana • Mongols: Zur x • Swahili City-states: Lucas x • Great Zimbabwe: Aaron x • Aztec: Sophia • Inca: Chloe x • Maya: Rachel x • Mali: Rebecca • When? Where? Who? Significance? What traded? Use maps and lots of images… • Email me your slides by Monday at noon: powerpoint ONLY (.ppt)

  21. Ancient Rome • Village of Rome settled sometime in 8th century BCE • Roman Republic: 509 BCE – 27 BCE • 451 BCE Twelve Tables est. Roman Republic laws • Dominant people on Med. Sea by 200BCE • Julius Caesar, First Triumvirate, then invaded, dictator, assassinated • Octavian Second Triumvirate, then Emperor

  22. Ancient Rome • Roman Empire: 27 BCE – 476CE • Good emperors, bad emperors…lots of emperors

  23. Roman Empire  Byzantium • PaxRomana: 27BCE-180CE (Pompeii?) • Constantine (313CE): converts empire to Christianity • Empire divided into Eastern and Western: 395CE • End of empire: 476CE when last Western emperor dethroned by barbarian Huns

  24. (back up to) Judaism: 1800 BCE • Abraham: father of Judaism, Christianity & Islam • Lived around ~1800BCE • Abraham roamed Egypt/Canaan/Mesopotamia, made first covenant with God for protection and obedience • Moses: around 1200BCE led Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt, got 10 commandments • New covenant with god • Wandered, settled in Canaan (Palestine) • Kingdom of Israel est. 1020BCE, ups and downs • First Temple destroyed 586 BCE, exile to Babylon for 70 yrs • Jews return, rebuild, various ups and downs • Roman Empire conquers • Second Temple destroyed by Rome in 70CE, diaspora begins

  25. Judaism • Monotheistic • God all knowing, all powerful • Sacred Text: Torah – generally, but also means: • Tanakh: is an acronym to include the Torah (Jewish “law”), the Nevi’im (“prophets” -- history of Israel), and Ketuvim (“writings”-- of faith and devotion) • Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy • Nevi’im: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and lesser prophets • Ketuvim: Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles • Mishnah: around 100 CE Rabbi Judah brought together oral traditions of discussions on the Torah in a written collection • Talmud: Entire collection of oral sermons, stories and parables on the Torah, a commentary on Jewish law that forms the backbone of a Jew’s scholarly and religious life (compiled in the Middle Ages)

  26. Christianity • Jesus born 4 – 6 BCE, starting at age 30, miracles reported • Taught monotheism, personal relationship to God, based on 10 Commandments, gathered disciples • Gospels claim J rose after death=Messiah=eternal life for all, disciples spread teachings • PaxRomana • common languages • excellent Roman roads • Christians persecuted until Constantine; by 380CE official religion of Roman Empire

  27. Christianity • Great diversity in church, disciples write Gospels • Christian Bible: Hebrew Bible/”Old Testament” + Gospels/”New Testament”

  28. Byzantium • Roman capital moved to Constantinople 312 CE • Byzantine Empire: 395CE-1453CE • Emperor Justinian • Connection to Western world, but (almost) in Eastern world

  29. Byzantium & the Church • Schism in Christianity: 1054 CE • divides Western Christianity (Pope, Catholic) and Eastern Christianity (Patriarch, Eastern Orthodox—Greeks, Russians, etc.) • Constantinople center of Eastern Orthodox Church

  30. Islam: 613CE • Muhammad the Prophet: born 570CE, became convinced Gabriel spoke to him as last of the prophets • Islam=submission to the will of Allah • Muslim=one who has submitted • Ka’aba as house of worship for Abraham (and others) already in Mecca, but hostile to Muhammad • Went to Medina (“city of prophet”), showed good leadership, gained followers, battled Mecca, won 630CE : Muhammad dedicates Ka’aba to Allah • Muhammad dies two years later after nearly unifying Arabia under Islam

  31. Islam • Monotheistic, individual responsibility • Holy book: Qur’an (references J/C texts & origins) • Sunna=example Muhammad’s life; Qur’an+Sunna= shari’a: body of law for applying God’s will to daily life • Five Pillars: duties to demonstrate submission to God • Faith (Shahadah): "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." • Prayer (Salat) • Alms (Zakat) • Fasting (Sawm): holy month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage (Hajj)

  32. Muslim Empires • Umayyads: 661 – 750CE • beginning of hereditary succession of caliph • moved capital to Damascus (trade center) • Worldly life, excesses of wealth • Abbasids: 750 – 1258CE • Moved capital to Baghdad • Bureaucracy, centralized gov’t, strongly religious • Various smaller indep Muslim states existed, but all linked by religion, trade • Golden Age of learning: Baghdad House of Wisdom, universities, arts, medicine, engineering: Renaissance

  33. Great Zimbabwe • Kingdom of Zimbabwe: 1220CE – 1450CE • Controlled the Ivory and Gold trade • Expansive Empire with over 150 Tributaries • Rigid 3-tiered social system • Until modern times Great Zimbabwe was the largest stone structure in Southern Africa

  34. Swahili City-States: 900CE-1400CE • Trading states along the east coast of Africa, stretching from Kenya to Mozambique • Earliest Swahili culture formed in the 6th century BCE • Major cultural advances: 900 CE • introduction of organized religion (Islam) • unique language

  35. Swahili City-States • Shirazi Era: 900CE-1400CE (approx) • Golden age of expansion and trading • Traded local resources, most notably gold and ivory, other luxury items • Connected inner Africa with Indian Ocean trading networks • Fell in 1500s as Portuguese rose

  36. West Africa: Ancient Ghana • ~830CE-1235CE • With domestication of camel, trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt & ivory routes enriched area • No written history; origins of empire uncertain—most info comes from merchants • Pre-Islamic, monarchy, stable economy and military (~200,000 soldiers)

  37. Ancient Ghana • Traveler wrote of king: He sits in audience or to hear grievances against officials in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials. Behind the king stand ten pages holding shields and swords decorated with gold, and on his right are the sons of the kings of his country wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold. The governor of the city sits on the ground before the king and around him are ministers seated likewise. At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree that hardly ever leave the place where the king is, guarding him. Around their necks they wear collars of gold and silver studded with a number of balls of the same metals

  38. West Africa: Mali • 1230CE – 1340CE • Sundiata

  39. West Africa: Songhai • 1340CE – 1591CE • Muslim empire, conquered Mali • Largest African empire: 1.4 million sq km • Trans-Saharan trade based in empire • Gold, ivory, salt • Clan system, universities, center of learning & commerce in Timbuktu

  40. Mayan Empire: 250CE – 900Ce • Established 2000BCE, lasts as a people and culture to present

  41. Mayan Empire • Trade crucial factor: type varied, from long-distance trading spanning the length of the region, to small trading between farm families • Each Region had exclusive resources: • Highlands = granite and obsidian. • Lowlands = cotton, animal skins, feathers, beeswax • Northern Yucatan = salt • Jade = eastern Guatemala • Quetzal feathers = Highland cloud forests • Cocoa = west coast • Developed civilization: writing, cities, extensive religion, empire of millions

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