Conceptual Models of Collaboration

1. Conceptual Models of Collaboration Gu & Maher ning@design-ning.net University of Sydney, August 2004 DECO2005

2. Conceptual Models of Collaboration There are mainly three factors that characterize different types of collaboration: • Modes of Communication – Synchronous or Asynchronous. • Nature of Participant’s Role – Mutual, Dictator, or Exclusive (Maher et al., 1998). • Nature of Setting – Local or Distant.

3. Modes of Communication • Synchronous Communication • Definition at Webster: "Happening at the same time or same rate“. • Live and interactive. • <Examples> • Telephone conversations. • ITV classes. • Chats. • video conferencing... • Asynchronous Communication. • Notlive and Interactive. • Not time and place dependant. • <Example> • Surface mail and electronic mail. • Television, cable TV. • Electronic conferences. • Usenet newsgroups. • Most World-Wide Web sites.

4. Nature of Participant’s Roles • Mutual: • Work on same parts of the problem. • Dictator: • Solutions are decided by a dictator. • Exclusive: • Work on separate parts of the problem.

5. New York, 9:00 am Setting 1 - Same Space - Same Time • Design participantswork on separate parts of the design problem within the same space and same time period. • Negotiated decisions are made occasionally through Synchronous Communication. Exclusive Collaboration

6. New York, 9:00 am Setting 1 - Same Space - Same Time • Dictator and dictated design participants Synchronously work together within the same space during the same time period. Dictator Collaborative Design

7. New York, 9:00 am Phoenix, 9:00 am Setting 2 - Different Space - Same Time • Design participantswork on one part of a design problem at the same time, but from different locations. • Negotiated decision are made during the entire design process through Synchronous Communication. Multual Collaboration

8. New York, 9:00 am Phoenix, 9:00 am Setting 2 - Different Space - Same Time • Design participantswork on different parts of the same design problem at the same time but from different locations. • Negotiations occur occasionally by asking advice from other participants through Synchronous Communication. Exclusive Collaboration

9. Phoenix, 9:00 am New York, 9:00 am Setting 2 - Different Space - Same Time Dictator and dictated design participants communicate Synchronously while located at different locations. Dictator Collaboration

10. Setting 3 - Same Space - Different Time • Design participantswork on different parts of the same design problem from different locations, but during different time periods. • Negotiations occur occasionally by asking advice from other participants through Asynchronous Communication. Exclusive Collaboration Phoenix, 9:00 am Phoenix, 4:00 pm

11. Phoenix, 9:00 am Phoenix, 4:00 pm Setting 3 - Same Space - Different Time • Dictator and dictated design participants communicate Asynchronously while located at same locations. Dictator Collaboration

12. New York, 9:00 am Phoenix, 4:00 pm Setting 4 - Different Space - Different Time • Design participantswork on one part of a design problem from different locations and during different time periods. • Negotiated decision are made during the entire design process through Asynchronous Communication. Multual Collaboration

13. New York, 9:00 am Phoenix, 4:00 pm Setting 4 - Different Space - Different Time • Design participantswork on different parts of the same design problem from different locations and during different time periods. • Negotiations occur occasionally by asking advice from other participants through Asynchronous Communication. Exclusive Collaboration

14. Nature of Design Firms (Coxe Group) Client-Centered Focus on the mid- and long-term. Clients feel that they truly care about them, and they are highly client-focused. Have better than average communication and relationship skills. Keen observers of the world around them, particularly as it relates to their clients. Continually strive to learn, and consequently have cultures that foster learning and sharing of information. Bring to clients' attention information about issues that will affect their clients' futures. Understand that their priority is the consulting role and the value they provide is primarily measured by their clients' sense of long-term success. Project-Centered • Focus on the near- and mid-term. • Clients feel that they truly care about them, and they are highly project-focused. • Have better than average communication and conflict resolution skills. • Keen observers of the world around them, particularly as it relates to technical change. • Strive continually to learn, and consequently have cultures that foster learning and sharing of information. • Bring to clients' attention issues that affect current projects and activities. • Understand that the value they provide is primarily in success of projects, and that their profitability results from their ability to target and achieve their clients' goals efficiently.

15. Significance • Support Team Communication - establish a collaboration environment by supporting communication in teams. • Support Shared Understanding - teams cannot solely rely on tools of communication because they do not inherently foster collaboration. Establish an environment that enable flow of meaning, shared understanding of team’s vision, and shared understanding of design decisions.

16. Significance • Support Shared Creation and Discovery - establish a collaboration environment by supporting creation and discovery of design solutions, and discovery of the path, which will guide them to the desired solution. • Support Sustainability of Effective Team Performance - establish a collaboration environment by supporting the act of monitoring and influencing the team performance.

17. Lab Activities – Shared Drawing Session • Shared drawing board using Interwise on Smartboard - in the Sentient on level 2. • Group brief development using Netmeeting whiteboard - in Rm526. • Short report writing on group design brief - in Rm526. • Submissions: • Short report on group design brief - today by 5pm. • Report on shared drawing session – 2pm, Fri. August 20.

18. Two Collaboration Tools • Interwise – www.interwise.com • Features: video and audio conferencing, file sharing and transferring, fhared drawing boards synchronised and asynchronised textual communication, and etc. • Activities it supports: meetings, lectures (small-group learning), seminars (large-group learning), and web broadcasting (very large-group communication). • Smartboard - an interactive input/output device that allows users to draw and write using electronic inks, and control the computer using the touch screen. • Netmeeting - www.microsoft.com/windows/NetMeeting: • Features: similar to Interwise, for more info: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/NetMeeting/Features

19. Setting up Netmeeting • Decide a person to act as a group leader who will be hosting the meeting. • Step1: From the windows desktop, start the program from start -> programs -> Internet & Communication Applications -> Netmeeting. • Step2: In the window, fill in your detail (use a name that can be recognised by your group) and start Netmeeting. • Step3: In the Netmeeting interface, group leader should host a meeting from call -> Host Meeting, choose a meeting name and password. • Step4: Return to the windows desktop, group leader runs command "cmd" from start - run, in the window that opens, type in "ipconfig" and press return and record the IP address.

20. Setting up Netmeeting • Step5: Group leader should let your group members know your IP address and the password for the meeting. • Step6: In the Netmeeting interface, group leader should now set to accept calls automatically by ticking from call -> Automatically Accept Calls. • Step7: Group members now can join the meeting by calling the group leader, to place a call, click the telephone button from the Netmeeting interface, type in your group leader's IP address and press ok, and fill in the password once it's asked later. • Step8: Try out Share Program, Whiteboard and other features of Netmeeting, if your computer has webcam and speakers, you can try out video and audio conferencing as well. • Step9: Refer to Help files for more information.