ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING

1. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING

2. Prepared by Prof.Dr Nefissa A. kader Vice Dean of education and Student Affairs Faculty of Nursing – Cairo university

3. outlines • Analysisof conceptual model *origin of the model *unique focus and content of the model • Evaluationof conceptual *Explication of origin *Comprehensiveness of the content *Generation of theory *logical congruence *Credibility *Contribution to the discipline of nursing

4. Analysis of conceptual model

5. The aim of the analysis is to present an objective and nonjudgmental description of the origins and content of the conceptual model.

6. Analysis of conceptual model • Analysis is an objective breakdown of statements into component elements To identify To identify To identify any concepts relationships relative hierarchy between concepts of ideas contained in the conceptual model between concepts

7. ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF NURSING • Analysis of conceptual model of nursing, requires a systematic, detailed review of all available publications and presentations by the author of the model to determine exactly what has been aid, rather than relying on inferences about what might have been meant or by referring to other authors’ interpretations of the conceptual model.

8. Origins of the conceptual model The first step in the analysis of conceptual models of nursing is examination of four aspects of its origins.

9. First Thehistorical evolutionof the conceptual models is described, and the author’smotivationfor developing the conceptual model is explicated. The questions to ask are... • Whatare the origins of the conceptual model? • Whatis the historical evolution of the conceptual model?

10. eg. Model of Johnson over period of 20yrs. Beginning in early 1940, as she developed baccalaureate nursing course she motivated to ask several question..What is explicit, ideal goal of nursing? historical approach led her to accept fromNightingalesnursing traditional concern with person who is ill, rather than with person disease." focus on basic human need of person and concern for relationship between person & environment”.

11. Second the author’s philosophical claims about nursing and the knowledge development strategies used to formulate the conceptual models are examined. • **Johnson underlying behavioral system model in the form of beliefs, assumptions and value system.

12. The questions to ask are... • Onwhat philosophical beliefs and values about nursing is the conceptual model based? • What strategies for knowledge development were used to formulate the conceptual model?

13. Third • the influences on the author’s thinking from nurse scholars and scholars of adjunctive disciplines are identified of a concept & irrelevant attributes. • Whatscholars influenced the model author’s thinking?

14. e.g.. Starting with Nightingale, Johnson acknowledged the influence of many scholars on development of behavioral system model. Johnson went to explain that Nightingale work “ provide direction to her “thinking”.

15. Fourth • the worldview reflected by the conceptual model is specified. • Whatworldview is reflected in the conceptual model? • e.g. Reciprocal interaction worldview also is reflected inJohnsondescription of the person as actively seeking new experience.

16. Unique focus and content of the conceptual model • The second step in the analysis of a conceptual model of nursing is examination of its unique focus and its content.

17. The question is • What is the unique focus of the conceptual model? • eg. The unique focus of the behavioral system model is the person as behavioral system. “Person is primary component of this nursing model”

18. Therefore, this part of the analysis is most readily accomplished first by This part categorizing the content of the model into definitions and descriptions of person, environment, health, and nursing. Then , in the language of conceptual model, statement reflecting the linkage of metaparadigm concept can be extracted.

19. Howare nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts explicated in the model? • Howis person defined and described? • Howis environment defined and described? • Howis health defined? How are wellness and illness differentiated The questions are

20. Howis nursing defined? What is the goal of nursing? • How is the nursing process described? • Whatstatements are made about the relationships among the four metaparadigm concepts?

21. Evaluation of Conceptual Model

22. The evaluation, in contrast of analysis of conceptual model requires judgments to be made about the conceptual model with regard to the extent to which it satisfies specific external criteria.

23. The evaluation is based on the results of the analysis, as well as on a review of previously published critiques, research reports, and reports of the application of the conceptual model in nursing education, administration and practice.

24. Evaluation of a conceptual model of nursing is accomplished by comparing its content with criteria that address • Explicationof origins. • Comprehensivenessof focus and content. • Logical congruence. • theory-generating capabilities. • Credibility. • contributions tonursing discipline.

25. Explication Of Origins

26. The first step of evaluation concerns the origins of the conceptual model. Identification of the author’s beliefs and values yields information about the philosophical foundations of the model and helps to identify special points of emphasis in the view of nursing.

27. The questions to ask when evaluating the origins of the conceptual model

28. Arethe philosophical claims on which the conceptual model is based explicit? • Arethe scholars who influenced the model author’s thinking acknowledged, and are bibliographical ?

29. e.g. Johnson explicated the origins of the Behavioral System Model clearly and concisely. • her philosophical claims in the form of beliefs about the profession of nursing, assumptions and value system. acknowledge other scholars She was especially informative with regard to the influence of Nightingale's work and general system theory on the development of the Behavioral system model.

30. Comprehensiveness Of focus and Content

31. The second step of evaluation deals with thecomprehensivenessof the content of the model, with emphasis placed on the depth and breadth of the content.

32. The questions to ask when evaluating the depth of the content of the conceptual model

33. Doesthe conceptual model provide adequate descriptions of all four concepts of nursing’s metaparadigm? • Dothe relational propositions of the conceptual model completely links the four-metaparadigm concepts?

34. The criterion forthe breadthof the content of the conceptual model requires that it is sufficiently broad in scope to provide guidance in clinical situations of normalcy, risk, crisis, and morbidity, as a basis for research, education, and administration.

35. The questions to ask when evaluating the breadth of the content of the conceptual model are: • ls the researcher given sufficient direction about what questions to ask and what methodology to use? • Does the educator have sufficient guidelines to construct a curriculum? • Does the administrator have sufficient guidelines to organize and deliver nursing services?

36. LOGICAL CONGRUENCE

37. logic of its internal structure. Logical congruence is evaluated through the intellectual process of critical reasoning, which “highlights strength and explores problem inherent in a line of reasoning”.

38. Isthe internal structure of the conceptual model Logically congruent? Doesthe model reflect more than one contrasting worldview? Doesthe model reflect characteristics of more than one category of nursing knowledge? • The questions to be asked when evaluating logical congruence are

39. eg. Content of model clearly flow from Johnson philosophical claim and it reflects reciprocal interaction worldview.

40. GENERATION OF THEORY

41. theories. The need for logically conceptual- theoretical systems of nursing knowledge for nursing activities mandates that at least some theories be derived from each conceptual model.

42. The question is • What theories have beengenerated from the conceptual model?

43. CREDIBILITY OF CONCEPTUAL MODEL

44. The ultimate aim of credibility determination is to ascertain which conceptual models are appropriate for use in • Social utility • Social congruence • Social significance

45. Social utility.. addresses the special education required to apply the conceptual model; the feasibility of implementing the conceptual model in nursing practice; and the extent to which the conceptual model is actually used to guide nursing research, education, administration and practice.

46. The question to be asked when evaluating the social utility of a conceptual model is: • Are education and skill training required prior to application of the conceptual model in nursing practice? eg.Johnson (1980) claimed that the behavioral system model “has already proved its utilty in providing clear direction for practice, education, and research.

47. Social congruence.. refers to the compatibility of conceptual model-based nursing activities with the expectations of the patient, the community, and the health care system for nursing practice.

48. Dee (1990) added, “The Johnson Model has provided nurses with a framework not only to describe phenomena but also to explain, predict and control clinical phenomena for the purpose of achieving desired patient out comes.

49. Empirical evidence supporting the claims made by Johnson, Grubbs, (1990), who reported a statistically significant increase in both cancer patients’ and nurses’ satisfaction with nursing process, including the comprehensiveness of assessment, the interventions, and the effectiveness of outcomes, according to the Behavioral System Model compared with routine clinical assessment.

50. Social significance.. the criterion of social significance requires a judgment to be made with regard to the social value of the conceptual model, with emphasis placed on the effect of use of a conceptual model on patients’ health status. Social significance of a conceptual model can be determined by informal and formal methods.