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I. Scientific Method

I. Scientific Method. A. 6 Steps 1). Observing – using 1 or more of the 5 senses to look at objects / events. a. How “old” science was done. b. Measuring – determining the dimensions of an object with a numerical value. 2). Hypothesis – a testable statement.

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I. Scientific Method

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  1. I. Scientific Method A.6 Steps 1). Observing – using 1 or more of the 5 senses to look at objects / events. a. How “old” science was done. b. Measuring – determining the dimensions of an object with a numerical value. 2). Hypothesis – a testable statement. 3). Experiment – procedure to test the hypothesis.

  2. a. Test only 1 variable at a time 1. Why?  know which variable is causing the result. 2. Independent variable – variable that is changed in the experiment. a. Ex: time, water amount, fertilizer, antibiotic, etc. 3. Dependent variable – variable that is measured. a. Ex: height, time, etc.

  3. 4. Controlled variable – variable that could be changed, but is held constant. 4). Results – measured end products of your experiment. 5). Analysis – determining if results support/refute the hypothesis.

  4. a. Ex: interpreting graphs b. Organizing data  placing results in a graph, chart, table, or map. 6). Conclusion – basic bottom line of experiment using hypothesis and results. B. Do Scientist communicate? 1). Yes, by conferences and scientific papers. 2). Communication – allows scientists to build on the work of others.

  5. C. Scientific sampling – a small sample is used to represent an entire population II. Characteristics of Living Things A. These include the following: 1). Made of units called cells. 2). They reproduce. 3). Based on universal genetic code (DNA) 4). Grow and develop. 5). Obtain & use materials and energy. 6). Respond to their environment. (Behavior) 7). Maintain a stable internal environment.

  6. III. Microscopes – instrument used for magnification with high detail A. Types of microscopes: 1). Dissecting microscope 2). Light microscope 3). Transmission electron microscope – (TEM) a. Transmits a beam through a very thinly sliced specimen. 4). Scanning electron microscope – (SEM) a. Scans the surface of an object with a beam of electrons, e-.

  7. B. Parts and Functions PartsFunctions 1). Eyepiece/ocular magnifies & serves as a place to view specimens 2). Body tube Area for light path 3). Revolving Turns allowing nosepiece differing objective lenses to be used 4). Objective lenses Holds lenses with different magnification 5). Stage Support for the slide or specimen 6). Stage clips Prevents the slide from moving.

  8. PartsFunctions 7). Arm Used to carry the microscope 8). Base Supports the entire microscope 9). Inclination Joint Allows the microscope to be angled 10).Light Source Mirror or fluorescent bulb 11). Coarse Adjustment Allows for basic Knob focusing 12). Fine Adjustment Allows for fine Knob focusing 13). Diaphragm Changes the light to adjust contrast 14). Condenser Concentrates light into a smaller beam

  9. C. Other Characteristics 1). Total magnification of a microscope: a. Total magnification = ocular mag. X objective mag. b. Ex: 400X = 10X X 40X 2). Field of view patterns: a. As magnification increases, field of view decreases b. Specimen is upside down and backwards through ocular

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