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IDRM: Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

IDRM: Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. C.-K. Chau , J. Crowcroft , K.-W. Lee, S. H.Y. Wong. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). Do not depend on infrastructural support A MANET is a mobile, multi-hop wireless network which is capable of autonomous operation.

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IDRM: Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

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  1. IDRM: Inter-Domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks C.-K. Chau, J. Crowcroft, K.-W. Lee, S. H.Y. Wong

  2. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) • Do not depend on infrastructural support • A MANET is a mobile, multi-hop wireless network which is capable of autonomous operation. • Easy to set up (possibly) a short-lived network for a collection of nodes. • Characteristics • – Energy constrained nodes • – Bandwidth constrained • – Variable capacity wireless links • – Dynamic topology

  3. Motivation • BGP – Broader Gateway Protocol • For inter-domain routing in Internet. • Allows Autonomous Systems to communicate with each other. • Opaque Interoperation. • GOAL- A BGP like solution for inter-domain routing for MANETs • Challenges in MANET • Dynamic Topology Changes • Newer MANET protocols

  4. Existing Solutions • BGP- Broader Gateway Protocol • Why BGP fails in MANETs ? • Path vector protocol Assumptions- • Internal Gateway Detection • Internal Network Knowledge • The above assumptions do not hold true for MANETs using reactive/hybrid routing protocols. • IP prefix aggregation • BGP Aggregates IP addresses in the domain by IP prefixes (e.g., 92.168.0.0/16). • Creation of arbitrary network partitions and merges in MANETs • IP prefixes may not suitably aggregate the IP addresses in partitioned MANETs.

  5. Existing Solutions • Loop detection in Path vector protocol • Filters path that contain repeated AS numbers. • May fail in MANETs.

  6. Existing Solutions • Plutarch and Turfnet • focus on high level architecture rather than provide a practical solution to the problem • SHARP • uses hybrid routing protocols • Cluster-based networking • Self organizing clusters • Routing backbone among cluster heads • Focuses on single-domain

  7. IDRM • Modelled on BGP • Main Feature – Opaque Interoperation • Allows heterogeneous intra-domain routing protocols • Allows heterogeneous inter-domain routing policies • Key Design Points • Handling Domain level Topology changes • How to discover partitions and merges? • IDRM proposes periodic internal gateway detection • Proactive routing domain- partitions discovered using route updates • Reactive routing domain- Maintain soft state by sending beacons periodically. • Generate new MANET ID on partition discovery

  8. IDRM • Computation of MANET ID • Goal is for each gateway to generate the ID and that the collision of IDs is low. • Generate random ID using pseudo random generator with the IDs of all the gateways as input • Prefix it by the domain ID to generate a new MANET ID • Why prefix domain ID ? • Merging of network partitions • The dynamic allocation of MANET ID prevents the path vector protocol from detecting a false loop.

  9. IDRM • Membership Management and Announcement • Gateway nodes collect the IDs of all the nodes in the MANET for advertisement to other domains • Membership Digest • Contains node ID information(IP address) • Non-gateway membership • Proactive routing domain- membership information is available through the update messages • Reactive routing domain- initiate membership query • Policy Support • Encoding of the domain ID in MANET ID

  10. IDRM • Data Plane Operations • A node sends packet to one of the reachable intra-domain gateway • A route discovery is initiated in the case of reactive domain to find the gateway node which has the route to the destination • Once the packet reaches the intra-domain gateway, it checks to see if it is directly connected to the destination, if it is connected it forwards the packet to the destination. • If not, the packet is forwarded to the gateway which has the route to the destination

  11. IDRM- Illustration • Domain Policies • A is willing to provide transit service for B, but not for C, • B,C are willing to provide transit service for others.

  12. IDRM- Illustration

  13. IDRM- Illustration

  14. IDRM- Illustration • A1 wants to send packets to a0 • Proactive(OLSR)- Based on Link state information a1 know that both the destination a0 and default gateway a3 are disconnected from the MANET. • Reactive(DSR) – initiate route discovery, a2 responds • Forward packet to reachable gateway a2 • A2 forwards the packet to b2

  15. Performance Evaluation

  16. Overhead Analysis • Proactive Intra-Domain Routing Protocol • = # of hello packets/sec • Reactive Intra-Domain Routing Protocol • = beaconing rate between pair of gateways • = avg 3 of hops between a pair of nodes • Inter Domain Routing Protocol

  17. Overhead Analysis • = Connectivity breakage rate of connected pairs of intra-domain gateways

  18. Limitations • Scalability • BGP – Scalable • IDRM – not scalable • Isolation of nodes • Special Hardware requirements • Multiple radio channels • Different technology • Gateway nodes require special hardware • Computation Overhead • MANET ID computation

  19. Limitations • Not Stateless • Security Issues • The route updates are not secured • distribution of IDs of all the nodes and gateways within its own domain • requires special mechanism to discover the node IDs and then pass on this information to other nodes

  20. Conclusion • IDRM offers a means for heterogeneous MANETs to interoperate • Identified challenges of inter-domain routing in MANETs • Established feasibility of opaque interoperation in IDRM • IDRM retains the merits of BGP • Future research direction

  21. References • C.-K. Chau, J. Crowcroft, K.-W. Lee, S. H.Y. Wong, IDRM:Inter-domain Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.Computer Lab, University of Cambridge. Technical Report UCAM-CL-TR-708 • Y. Rekhter and T. Li. RFC 1771: a Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), March 1995. • J. Crowcroft et. al.. Plutarch: an argument for network pluralism. ACM Computer Communication Review, 33(4):258–266, 2003. • S. Schmid et al. TurfNet: An architecture for dynamically composable networks. In Proc. of WAC 2004, October 2004. • Y. Chen, A. Liestman, J. Liu. Clustering algorithms for ad hoc wireless networks. In Proc. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks ’04 • V. Ramasubramanian, Z. J. Haas, and E. G. Sirer. SHARP: A hybrid adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks.In Proc. ACM MOBIHOC, June 2003.

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