Ethnic Conflict

1. Ethnic Conflict Unit 4

2. Integrating Themes in Human Geography • Cultural Patterns and Processes • Cultural differences • Ethnicity • Political Organization of Space • Evolution of the contemporary political pattern • Internal political boundaries and arrangements • Challenges to inherited political-territorial arrangements • Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity …

3. Some Basic Vocabulary • Ethnic group – “…a group, which is part of a larger population, that possesses a distinct culture of its own. The members of such a group feel a common origin, real or imaginary, and are frequently set apart by race, religion, or national origin, or a combination of these.” • Territoriality – “A behavioral phenomenonassociated with people’s …organization of space….reflects the need that individuals and groups have for space for reasons of security, identify ….area over which [they] wish to assert control….” Source: Dictionary of Human Geography (Penguin, 1987)

4. Challenges to the State • A perceived threat to a group’s sense of identity can be a strong centripetal force, binding the group together for common defense against the ‘other’ • Competing claims among ethnic groups for territory, control, or recognition can be a strong centrifugal force , threatening to undermine the stability of the state

5. Contemporary Conflicts Rooted in Ethnic Identity • Ethnicity stirs human emotions that, under certain circumstance, can erupt into public displays, civil disturbances, even open political conflict. • Some manifestation of ethnicity lies at the heart of tensions that mark events at various places and scales around the world, including … • French Canada • Nigeria • Sudan • Lebanon • Mexico (Chiapas) • Sri Lanka • Russia (Chechnya) • Northern Ireland • Philippines • Eritrea

6. Language is often a symbol of ethnic identity Source: Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/ officiallanguages/mothertonguefrench

7. KFC becomes PFK (Poulet Frait de la Kentucky). Source: http://www.travelin-tigers.com/ztravel/can08.htm

8. The Number of languages spoken in the states of Nigeria is a clue to ethnic diversity • Nigerian languages represent three different language families • Nilo-Saharan • Afro-Asiatic • Niger-Congo Source: Http://www.uiowa.edu/intlinet/unijos/nigonnet/nlp/regions.htm

9. Ethnic Diversity – a Legacy of Colonialism • Tensions among Nigeria’s main ethnic groups erupt into open conflict in the streets of Lagos. Source: http://www.msu.edu/course/iss/325/stein/revolt.htm#Nigeria

10. Ethnic Conflict Puts Nigeria at Risk • 53,787 people died in ethnic and religious clashes between Christians and Muslims in Plateau State between September 2001 and May 2004 NY Times (October 8, 2004) Plateau State

11. Chad-Sudan Border Zone • Border zone marked by ethnic diversity • Open conflict has destroyed villages • Thousands have fled to refugees camps on both sides of the international border Source: Human Rights Watch [http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/darfur/map.htm]

12. More than 1 million people have fled as Arab militias attack black African populations. Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/ darfur_villages_0802_2004.jpg Source: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/sudan/images/satellite/index.html

13. The High Price of Conflict • Two families arrive in Bredjing camp after walking for many days from Sudan bearing on their heads all the possessions they were able to grab when soldiers drove them from their villages in Darfur. Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/africa_chad_refugee_camp/html/5.stm

14. Sri Lanka’s Complex Cultural Environment • Ethnic diversity • Sinhalese – 74% • Sri Lankan Tamils – 12% • Indian Tamils – 6 % • Other minorities – Muslims, Burghers, Veddas • Religious diversity • Sinhalese – Buddhist • Tamils – Hindu • Muslims - Sunni Source: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ltte.htm

15. Sri Lanka's conflict has cost thousands of lives Source: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ world/para/ltte.htm Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/ from_our_own_correspondent/2256215.stm

16. Ethnic Mosaic of the Former Soviet Union Source: http://es.rice.edu/projects/Poli378/Maps/Former_USSR/People/Ethnic.gif

17. Russia’s Ethnic Republics Source: http://www.reisenett.no/map_collection/commonwealth/Russia_Ethnic94.jpg

18. Chechen (58%) + Russian (23%) = Formula for Conflict • Chechen boy with a toy helmet and toy gun leads his sister through Grozny. A Russian mortar shell is in the foreground on the left.[AP/Wide World Photo] Source: http://www.mirrorimage.com/ai/actions/ russia/trip/nazran-2.html Source: http://www.warchildren.org/images/ children_shell.jpg

19. Religion lies at the core of ethnic identity Source: Cain Project. [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/maps/map10.htm]

20. Barriers Emerge out of Diversity One of the main gates on the 'peace line' in west Belfast. This particular gate is used to seal a road that runs between the Catholic Falls Road area and the Protestant Shankill district. Source: CAIN Project. [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/ photos/belfast/peaceline/gate1.htm#gate1]

21. Former Yugoslavia –A Patchwork Quilt with Frayed Threads Source: http://www.msnbc.com/modules/ bosnia/map1993.htm Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/yugoslav.jpg