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Chapter 5 Implementing Hard Drives

Chapter 5 Implementing Hard Drives. ATAPI. Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) Extension to the ATA specification Enables non-hard drive devices to connect to the PC via ATA controllers Same rules on jumper settings Hard drives get BIOS thru the System BIOS and CMOS

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Chapter 5 Implementing Hard Drives

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  1. Chapter 5 Implementing Hard Drives

  2. ATAPI • Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) • Extension to the ATA specification • Enables non-hard drive devices to connect to the PC via ATA controllers • Same rules on jumper settings • Hard drives get BIOS thru the System BIOS and CMOS • Non-hard drives get BIOS thru an option ROM or software driver

  3. Serial ATA • Serial ATA (SATA) creates a point-to-point connection between the device and the controller • Data is sent serially • Thinner cables resulting in better air flow and cable control in the PC • Maximum cable length of 39.4 inches (1 meter) compared to 18 inches for PATA cables ~ Data connection Power connection

  4. Serial ATA • More on SATA • Hot-swappable – suitable for RAID. • Throughput of 150 MBps (with potential of 600 MBps) • A parallel ATA device (PATA) my be connected to SATA using a SATA bridge • Add SATA functionality via a PCI card • Only one SATA device per controller.

  5. SATA Compatibility • SATA is backward compatible with PATA standards and drives. • You may connect PATA devices to a SATA controller using a SATA bridge. • SATA devices may be used with current motherboards by adding a PCI SATA host adapter card. ~

  6. BIOS • Every physical device needs basic input/output services (BIOS) to teach the CPU and the OS how to communicate • BIOS comes in three ways • Programs stored on the System ROM chip on the motherboard (firmware) • Programs stored on a ROM chip attached to the external controller card (option ROM) • Software device drivers

  7. Autodetection • Techs used to have to set up the geometry manually in CMOS, but now there’s either an Auto or an autodetection menu option in CMOS setup to let the CMOS and the drive work it out all the necessary information for the drive to be recognized. ~

  8. Autodetection

  9. CMOS SETUP Menu

  10. Serial ATA and BIOS • Setting up a SATA drive • Load the drives for an external SATA controller • Configure the controller Flash ROM settings for your specific hard drive.

  11. Drive Letter Assignments Page 158 • Primarypartition in the order of: • Primary master drive • Primary slave drive • Secondary master drive • Secondary slave drive • Then all logical drives in the extended partition in the order of: • Primary master drive • Primary slave drive • Secondary master drive • Secondary slave drive

  12. Disk Administrator NT 4.0 • Disk Administrator handles all the FDISK functions such as: • Creating primary and extended partitions • Marking primary active partitions • In addition to FDISK Disk Administrator allows more complex hard disk arrangements. • All of the operations are done from a GUI ~

  13. Additional Disk Setups • Striping two drives together. • Spanning a single drive letter over more than one hard drive. • Three types of RAID arrangements • Stripes • Mirrors • Stripes with parity ~

  14. Disk Administrator Page 162 • Windows NT 4.0, 2000 and XP use a GUI Disk Administrator to partition hard drives. • It looks and functions almost identically to Disk Management used by Windows 2000 and XP

  15. Using Disk Administrator • If the machine has only one hard disk you there are several options that you can not use from disk administrator. • Adding a second hard drive allows the use of some new partition techniques.

  16. Disk Management • Disk Management Console in Windows 2000 and XP functions almost like Disk Administrator in NT 4.0. • See figures 5.50 and 5.53 pages 166 & 167.

  17. Creating a Logical Drive • Once an Extended partition is created, you may create logical drives in it

  18. Creating a New Partition • Alt-click on some Unallocated space and choose New Partition…

  19. From the MMC

  20. MMC

  21. Disk Management • Used by Windows 2000 and XP to manage partitions Alt-click My Computer and choose Manage. Then choose Disk Management under Storage.

  22. New Partition Wizard

  23. Dynamic Disks • Dynamic Disks are a new and improved type of storage unique to Windows 2000 and XP Professional (not the Home edition) • Regular drives are known as basic disks • Dynamic disks are divided into volumes instead of partitions

  24. Volume Types • Volume types • Simple volume: • A simple volume is like a primary partition • To use a simple volume: first create a dynamic disk • Then alt-click any unallocated space and choose New Volume to start the new volume wizard. ( page 169)

  25. Volume Types Continued Page 170 • Spanned volume: • Extend the size of a simple volume to include any additional unallocated space – even from other hard drives • If you grab space from another drive, it becomes a spanned volume • Alt-click the volume you want to extend and choose Extend Volume – the unallocated space can be anywhere • Striped, Mirrored, and Striping with Parity • All of these RAID levels may be created thru software in Disk Management on Windows 2000 and 2003 Servers. ~

  26. Spanned Volume Advantages • If a disk or partition is full you can extend or expand the area another disk and keep the same drive letter. • You can span any simple volume on a dynamic disk. • The area to be spanned need not be contagious. Windows has no problem skipping over areas on a drive to span to other areas. ~

  27. Random Array of Independent Disks • If you have two or more dynamic disks in a PC Disk Management allows you to combine them into a RAID arrangement. • A RAID controller card is not required. • Windows 2000 and XP Pro support three types of software RADI. • Stripes • Mirrors • Stripes with parity ~

  28. Stripe Volume • Striping • Using two or more drives in a set is referred to as a stripe set. • Writes data to a certain number of clusters on one drive and then moves to the next drive. • Speeds up data through-put • Considered RAID level Ø • Provides no fault tolerance • Data lost from one drive can not be recovered. ~

  29. Mirrored Volume • Uses two drives • All data is written to both drives • Through-put is slowed because two read/write operations are required every time the drives are accessed. • Mirroring is RAID level 1 • Offers good fault tolerance. ~

  30. Stripped Set with Parity • Requires minimum of 3 hard drives • Fault tolerance is added in the form of parity bits which are striped across the disks. • If only one disk fails its portion of the striped data can be re-created from the remaining data and parity bits. • This is considered RAID level 5 • Offers safety and speed. ~

  31. Mount Points Page 174 • Your system partition drive (the primary master C: drive) may be made dynamic but cannot be extended or spanned. • But you can create a mount point which is a drive that functions like a folder mounted (located) on another drive. • You can extend the size of the C: drive by creating a folder that is really another whole hard drive’s worth of space! Continued

  32. Mount Point Continued • The mount point extends the capacity of the C: drive with no need to be concerned with multiple drive letters. • To create a mount point: • Alternate-click an unallocated portion of a dynamic disk and select New Volume. • From the second screen choose select: ”Mount in the following empty NTFS folder” • You can create or select an existing NTFS folder name. ~

  33. Creating Mount Points • Alt-click an unallocated space on a dynamic disk and select New Volume • The second screen in the wizard lets you create a mount point instead of another drive letter

  34. NTFS 4.0 Benefits • Uses an enhanced file allocation table called Master File Table (MAT) • Provides improved security for files and folders via an Access Control List. (ACL) • Allows individual files and folders to be compressed. • Provides improved disk setups ~

  35. NTFS 4 • New Technology File System (NTFS) version 4 • Powerful, robust, and flexible file system • High level of security for files • Less prone to fragmentation • Enables adjusting cluster sizes • Supports partitions up to 2 terabytes • Enables compression of individual files or folders • Allows for extending and spanning volumes and striping volumes with parity • Uses an enhanced file allocation table called the Master File Table (MFT) • NTFS keeps a backup copy in the middle of disk

  36. NTFS 5 Additions • NTFS5 includes these new functions • Encryption of files • Disk Quotas for users • Volume Mount Point • Compression • Windows 2000 and XP will automatically convert NTFS4 to NTFS5. ~

  37. Encryption • You many encrypt a single file, folder or all files in a folder. • To encrypt a file : • From the file properties click the Advanced button • Under Advanced Attributes click encrypt contents to secure data. • File will be saved as an encrypted file immediately. • Only the person who encrypted the file may see the file. ~

  38. Encrypt A File or Folder

  39. Compression and Encryption

  40. Disk Quotas • Limit the amount of drive space available to a single user.

  41. Disk Quotas

  42. Volume Naming • A volume (a disk partition) can be given a drive letter or a directory name. • If given a directory name the icon will still show as a drive. ~

  43. Compression with 2000 • Enables you to compress anything • Drives • Folders • Files • Compression is done from properties of the item to be compressed. • Click on : • Compress Contents To Save Disk Space ~

  44. NTFS5 • New Technology File System (NTFS) version 5 • Available in Windows 2000 and Windows XP • Using the encrypting file system (EFS) you can encrypt files and folders • Alt-click the file in My Computer, choose Properties, and then the Advanced button on the General tab • Continued ~

  45. NTFS5 Continued • Disk quotas may be set • Alt-click the drive letter, choose Properties, then the Quota tab • Cluster sizes may be adjusted • Supports partitions up to 16 exabytes with cluster size tweaking (that’s 18 billion millions) ~

  46. Third Party Partition Tools • Third-party partition tools allow you to create, change, and delete partitions without destroying the data • PowerQuest’s Partition Magic • VCOM’s Partition Commander

  47. Questions ?

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