Download
1 / 17
170 likes | 254 Views
Lesson Three More Crime and Less Punishment --- I. Content. 1. Word Study 2. General Introduction 3. Writing Techniques 4. Language and Style. I. Word Study. .1 . 1. approval 1. approval n. the act of approving; an official approbation; sanction
E N D
Content • 1. Word Study • 2. General Introduction • 3. Writing Techniques • 4. Language and Style
I. Word Study .1 . 1. approval 1. approval n. the act of approving; an official approbation; sanction for sb.’s approval 求某人指正 give one’s approval to 批准 present sth. to sb. for approval 把某事提交某人批准 submit sth. to sb. for approval 把某事提交某人批准 with/without approval of 经/未经······的批准
v. Approve Examples: Her father will never approveof her marriage to you. Congress approved the budget. . 2.commit v. a. to do, perform, or perpetrate b. to make known the views of (oneself) on an issue c. to consign for future use or reference or for preservation • Examples: • to commit a crime/an error • Chairman refused to commithimself on the controversial subject before making due investigations
3. . • 3. convict • v.to find or prove (someone) guilty of an offense or crime, especially by the verdict of a court Examples: The jury convicted the defendant of manslaughter. He was convicted of murder. 4. deter v. to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt Examples: Does negotiated disarmament deter war? Failure did not deter us from trying it again.
4. prior • a. preceding in time or order b. preceding in importance or value • Examples: I have a prior engagement and so can’t go with you. This task is prior to all others. a prior consideration 优先考虑 You must give this matter priority
5. reject • v.to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of • Examples: • He rejected their invitation point-blank. • reject an offer of help 拒绝别人提供的帮助 • reject an appeal 驳回上诉 • 6. household • a. a. connected with looking after a house andthe people in it • b. commonly known; familiar • Examples: • household appliances 家用电器 • Koda has become a household name
7. decline • v. a. to refuse politely • b. to draw to a gradual close; to wane • Examples: • I declined their offer of help. • an empire that has declined业已衰落的帝国 • sink into a decline 开始衰落, 衰弱下去; 体力衰退 • (尤指因患肺病而衰弱) • on the decline 走下坡路, 在衰退中 • the decline of life 晚年, 暮年
cf. decline, refuse, reject • decline 较正式地、有礼貌地谢绝 He declined the nomination. • refuse 是普通用语:坚决、果断或坦率地拒绝 He refused to take the money. • reject 以否定、敌对的态度当面拒绝 They rejected damaged goods.
II General Introduction Purpose of the text • The essay does not attempt to deal with all the various aspects of the crime problem. Rather, it aims to persuade the readers that punishment does not deter crime, probably in reply to observations that harsh punishments should be enforced to reduce crime.
Structure of the text • Part One: the first three paragraphs, introduction. The writer shows, with statistics, how serious the crime problem is in the US and introduces the central idea of his essay: punishment does not reduce crime. • Part two: (paras 4--9) the body of the essay, he goes on to analyze why punishment doesn’t deter crime. He observes that with so many criminals to handle, the US criminal justice system is only able to lock up the most serious offenders; the public is unwilling to pay for prison construction • Part three: the last paragraph, the conclusion. The central idea is restated in a more affirmative and emphatic way: getting tough with criminals is not the answer to the crime problem.
III Writing Devices • 1) Statistical Information • This is an argumentative of writing, in which the writer tries, using clear thinking and logic and logic, to convince readers of the soundness of his opinion: Punishment does not deter crime. In order to convince, a writer needs evidence; here, Moran chiefly uses statistical evidence, including exact statistical information (on the re-imprisonment of paroled criminals) and approximate statistics (on the crime rate of the US)
2) Analogy • Analogy is the comparison of two unlike things for the purpose of illustration. The comparison is possible because the two things have sth. in common. In the fourth paragraph, the writer compares a criminal’s acceptance into a prison with the admission of a high-school graduate to a college. The similarity is both have to maintain certain standards, and the standards change according to the law of supply and demand (The more candidates there are, the higher the standards for acceptance.)
3) Rhetorical Questions • Those are questions that do not expect an answer but express a strong feeling, opinion or impression. Three rhetorical questions are used in the 2nd paragraph as way of challenging readers, making them either agree with the writer or think why they do not. Such questions achieve more effect than statements expressing the same ideas.
4) Selective Use of Repetition • Repetition is used for emphasis and expression of a strong feeling .In paragraph 6, the structure “Of the/ every…only/about…” is used five times for emphasis. Repetition of words and structures can be very useful if used carefully.
IV Language Style The style: slightly formal, as is the case of serious essays. We find quite a number of long sentences with complicated structure. Language: both formal and informal words and expressions are used as we find in formal essays.
