Vaccinations and the diseases they prevent

1. Vaccinations and the diseases they prevent

2. Diseases for which vaccination is routinely recommended • Diphtheria • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Herpes zoster (shingles) • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • Influenza • Measles • Meningococcal disease • Mumps • Pertussis • Pneumococcal disease • Polio • Rotavirus • Rubella • Tetanus • Varicella (chickenpox)

7. Why vaccinate? • The bottom line is that vaccines save lives According to a recent study led by the CDC, routine childhood vaccinations administered between 1994 and 2013 “will save 732,000 lives, prevent 322 million cases of illness and prevent 21 million hospitalizations, as well as save $1.38 trillion.”

8. Myth • Most diseases are nonexistent in the United States, so there is no real need to getting vaccinated.

9. Many diseases ARE common in other parts of the world. • Travelers can bring diseases into the United States and disease can spread QUICKLY.

10. Myth • The measles vaccine or other vaccines cause autism.

11. Science has repeatedly demonstrated that Andrew Wakefield’s claim about a vaccine causing autism was false and fraudulent.

12. Myth • Natural infection is better than vaccination.

13. There can be a high a price to pay for natural immunity: • Chickenpox infection can lead to pneumonia • Polio infection can cause permanent paralysis • Mumps infection can lead to deafness • Hib infection an result in permanent brain damage

14. Diphtheria: This is a picture of the throat of a child who has diphtheria. Notice the thick gray coating over the back of the throat. If not treated, this child could die from suffocation. Diphtheria (dif-THEER-e-uh) is a serious bacterial infection usually affecting the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. We are protected through the dTap vaccination Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

15. Diphtheria: This child has bullneck diphtheria. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

16. Haemophilus influenza (H. influenzae) is an invasive bacterial infection that is exclusively a human pathogen spread by airborne droplets through sneezing or coughing, or by direct contact with secretions or fomites. Invasive H. influenza type b (Hib) can cause severe illness, including meningitis and systemic, invasive disease in the bones and joints

17. Haemophilus influenzae type b: This girl is hospitalized with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection shown here involving deep tissue of this girl’s face. Hib disease can also lead to brain damage, seizures, paralysis, hearing loss, and death. Photo courtesy of the Children’s Immunization Project, Saint Paul, Minn.

19. Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A infection has caused this man’s skin and the whites of his eyes to turn yellow. Other symptoms of hepatitis A can include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, fever, headaches, and dark urine. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

21. Hepatitis B: This woman died from liver cancer four months after she arrived in a refugee resettlement camp in Thailand. The liver cancer was caused by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. Photo courtesy of Patricia Walker, M.D., Saint Paul, Minn.

23. Herpes Zoster (shingles): A dangerous complication of shingles infecting the eye which can lead to loss of vision. Without vaccination, approximately 30% of all people who have been infected with chickenpox will later develop shingles. Photo courtesy of www.webmd.com

24. Human Papillomavirus(HPV): HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Approximately 20 million people are currently infected with HPV. At least 50% of sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. Persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is associated with almost all cervical cancers. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

25. HPV It is also possible to have an active infection without any signs or symptoms

26. Influenza: This photo shows how the influenza virus can spread through the air when someone coughs. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

27. Influenza: Photo of emergency hospital during the 1918 influenza pandemic, Camp Funston, Kansas. This pandemic killed at least 50 million people worldwide. Photo courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

28. Measles: This child has a severe measles rash. He has red eyes, a runny nose, and a fever. We are protected by the MMR vaccine Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

29. Measles: Boy with measles. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

30. Meningococcemia is a rare infectious disease characterized by upper respiratory tract infection, fever, skin rash and lesions, eye and ear problems, and possibly a sudden state of extreme physical depression (shock) which may be life-threatening without appropriate medical care.

31. Meningococcal disease: This four-month-old infant has gangrene of her hands and lower extremities as a result of meningococcemia. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

32. Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. It typically starts with a few days of fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite, followed by swollen salivary glands. We are protected by the MMR vaccine

33. Mumps: This child’s jaw and cheek are swollen from mumps. Mumps can lead to painful swelling of the testicles in males (sometimes causing sterility), deafness, and brain damage. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

34. Pertussis: This child has pertussis (whooping cough). He has severe coughing spasms, which are often followed by a “whooping” sound. It is difficult for him to stop coughing and catch his breath. We are protected through the dTap vaccine Pertussis video Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

35. Pertussis: This child has broken blood vessels in his eyes and bruising on his face because of coughing from pertussis. Photo courtesy of Thomas Schlenker, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Officer, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

36. Pneumococcal disease: This is a photo of the brain of a person who died from pneumococcal meningitis. Note the purulence (pus) that covers the brain surface. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

37. Polio Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis. Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.

38. Polio: This 1952 photo of a Los Angeles hospital respiratory ward shows polio victims in iron lungs — machines which were necessary to help victims breathe. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

39. Polio: This child has a severely deformed leg caused by polio. Photo courtesy of the World Health Organization (WHO)

40. Rotavirus • Rotavirus is a contagious virus that can cause gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). Symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, often with vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. Infants and young children are most likely to get rotavirus disease. • They can become severely dehydrated and need to be hospitalized and can even die

41. Rotavirus: Doctor examining a child dehydrated from rotavirus infection. In developing countries, rotavirus causes approximately 600,000 deaths each year in children younger than age 5 years. Photo courtesy of World Health Organization, photo credit Dr. D. Mahalanabis

42. Rubella • Rubella, sometimes called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The infection is usually mild with fever and rash. • Symptoms • Rubella usually causes the following symptoms in children: • Rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body • Low fever (less than 101 degrees) • These symptoms last 2 or 3 days. • Older children and adults may also have swollen glands and symptoms like a cold before the rash appears. Aching joints occur in many cases, especially among young women. • About half of the people who get rubella do not have symptoms. Complications • Birth defects if acquired by a pregnant woman: deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and liver and spleen damage (at least a 20% chance of damage to the fetus if a woman is infected early in pregnancy) Transmission • Spread by contact with an infected person, through coughing and sneezing

43. Rubella: This teenager has a rash from rubella. The rash is not as prominent as the measles rash and is often missed in diagnosis. Rubella in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage, severe heart defects, and blindness or deafness in their newborns. We are protected through the MMR vaccine Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

44. Rubella: This infant was born with rubella. Babies whose mothers were infected with rubella during pregnancy can be born with deafness, blindness, heart damage, and mental retardation. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

45. Tetanus • Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful muscle contractions • Another name for tetanus is "lockjaw" because it often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. • We are protected through the dTap vaccine

46. Tetanus: This baby has neonatal tetanus. His body is rigid. Infection can occur when the newly cut umbilical cord is exposed to dirt. Most newborns who get tetanus die. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

47. Tetanus: This person has tetanus. The muscles in his body are in spasm, making it nearly impossible for him to move. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

48. Varicella • Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). • It causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. Chickenpox can be serious, especially in babies, adults, and people with weakened immune systems. • It spreads easily from infected people to others who have never had chickenpox or received the chickenpox vaccine. • Chickenpox spreads in the air through coughing or sneezing. • It can also be spread by touching or breathing in the virus particles that come from chickenpox blisters.

49. Varicella: This newborn has a secondary bacterial infection, which is a complication following infection with varicella (chickenpox). He contracted chickenpox from his infected mother. Source: Unknown

50. Varicella: This photo shows the typical itchy chickenpox rash. There can be 500 sores or more. Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)