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Vocabulary expansion

Vocabulary expansion. Occurrence of new or changed morphemes in a language — word creation. Borrowing. All the examples of borrowing that we have seen result in new words in the borrowing language This is a form of word creation in that language. Borrowing.

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Vocabulary expansion

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  1. Vocabulary expansion Occurrence of new or changed morphemes in a language — word creation

  2. Borrowing • All the examples of borrowing that we have seen result in new words in the borrowing language • This is a form of word creation in that language

  3. Borrowing • Numerous other processes occur that result in new words in a language

  4. Back formation peas → pea-s cheris → cherry-s Latin buxis → English box ~ box-es In such examples, the end of the word is reinterpreted as a suffix, and the remainder now identified as the base

  5. Back formation hawker → hawk (v.) stoker → stoke (v.) swindler → swindle (v.) editor → edit Mentor → ment(ee) note apparent analogy to Verb + (-er)

  6. Back formation Pants → pant ? Do you accept this form? What is a pantsuit?

  7. Clipping Hamburg /er or ham/ burger Zoo /logical garden Auto /mobile Omni/ bus Dorm /itory Bra /ssiere Vic /tim? Perp /etrator? Clipping does not observe morpheme boundaries or even syllable boundaries

  8. Clipping in Japanese orchestra → okesutora ‘oke’ sekuhara (from loan, sexual harassment) Macudonaludo ‘macu’

  9. Alphabetisms CIA, USA, FBI, CSUF, RTD, CD note these words are formed from the names of the first letters used to write the terms, e.g. CIA = [sijaijei]; USA = [juεsei]

  10. Acronyms SARS, NATO, SCUBA, AIDS, ROM, FERP These words are pronounced using typical values represented by the initial orthographic signs used to write the words in the full names

  11. Blending MOtor + hoTEL → motel SMoke + fOG → smog BOld = audACIOUS → bodacious FLash + gUSH → flush Part of one word is added to part of another word to make a new word

  12. Blending (with clipping)in Jp. and Ch Jp. iketeru ‘nice’ + menzu (<CH. mian zi) → ike-men ‘nice guy’, ‘cool guy’ Poke-mon < Engl. ‘pocket monster’ in Ch. chao ji ‘super’ + shi chang ‘market’ → chao shi Beijing + daxue ‘university’→ Beida

  13. Folk Etymology • naïve misunderstanding of an unfamiliar word resulting in a more familiar form (hence creates a new etymology) Garter snake → garden snake Otchek → woodchuck Asparagus → sparrow grass Schamfast (bashful) → shamefaced Peperoncinis → pepper chilis

  14. Folk etymology in Chinese Ch: bai ‘bai bai’ → bye-bye

  15. Coining Kodak, Nylon, Dacron, Orlon Process whereby words are wholly invented

  16. Functional Shift: • (used as different part of speech = new word) Telephone N → V Xerox N → V Date N → V Impact N → V Brick N → V Laugh V → N Meet V → N “But me no buts” ? “No ifs, ands, or buts” ?

  17. Compounding • Two or more words put together to form a new word with a meaning different from its elements blackboard vs. black board laid-back vs. laid back callback vs. call back hatchback man-eating shrimp vs. man eating shrimp

  18. Historical compounding wærloga ‘oath-breaker’ (lit. ‘pledge + lie’) → warlock (sorcerer ‘witch’, ‘demon’) wyfman (lit. ‘wife + person’) → woman

  19. Reduplication • repetition of a word or part of a word for grammatical or other purposes

  20. Reduplication • In English, mostly nursery language ma-ma wee-wee pee-pee doo-doo Jon-Jon

  21. Reduplication in other lgs. Tag. lapit ‘approach, lalapit ‘will approach’ sulat ‘write’, susulat ‘will write’ Malayan baik ‘good’; baik-baik ‘well’ bunga ‘flower’; bunga-bunga ‘flower pl. mata ‘eye’; mata-mata (or memata) policeman’

  22. Reduplication In Chinese • Totalizing (sense of ‘all’ or ‘every’) ren-ren = everyone tian-tian = daily • Nicknames ya ‘girl’; ya-ya = ‘girl’s nickname’ dong ‘east’; dong-dong = ‘boy’s nickname’ hong ‘rainbow’; hong-hong = ‘girl’s nickname’

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