CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS

1. Výukový materiál MB 04 - 89 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS 2014

2. 95 % of the cell mass made up by 4 elements • the most important macrobiogenic elements - C, O, H, N • in a small amount: Ca, F, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg, I, Fe, Zn, Cu • the most common molecule in the cell is water • the water makes up 60 - 90 % of the cell mass • an excellent solvent CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS

3. compounds of carbon • 4 main groups of organic molecules: • saccharides • amino acids • nucleotides • oleic acids ORGANIC MOLECULES

4. low molecular compounds: • monosaccharides • aminoacids • nucleotides • oleic acids • coenzymes • vitamins ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

5. high molecular = biopolymers • proteins • nucleic acids • polysaccharides ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

6. monosaccharides • hexoses : glucose, fructose, galactose • glucose originates by the photosynthesis • through the oxidation of glucose = so called respiration > a big amount of energy develops!!!!! • pentoses: ribose and deoxyribose SACCHARIDES

7. disaccharides: • saccharose, lactose, maltose • polysaccharides: • starch, glycogen and cellulose SACHARIDES

8. polysaccharides: • polymers • storage polysaccharides: • starch – by plants, very hard digestible • glycogen – by animals • structural polysaccharides: • cellulose – plants • chitin – by fungi SACHARIDES

9. macromolecules made up by amino acids • essential importance for the life • 1/5 of the total mass of organisms PROTEINS

10. function of proteins: • a constructive part of cell structures • They accomplish metabolism – enzymes • They regulate processes – hormones • protective function – immunoglobulins • transport molecules – haemoglobin • They enable the cell their movement – microfilaments a microtubules PROTEINS

11. proteins and nucleic acids= information macromolecules > • in the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids there is included the information for the order of AMA in proteins • proteins originates by the condensation od amino acids – connected by peptide bounds • the base of protein is the polypeptide chain PROTEINS

12. there are 20 ( 21 ) various amino acids • 2 amino acids connected by a covalent bound= peptide bound > dipeptide > polypeptides • the order of amino acids in the protein molecule is: • characteristic • genetically determined • primary structure of proteins AMINO ACIDS