Factors affecting Europe

2. Factors affecting Europe • The Renaissance • The Protestant Reformation • The Scientific Revolution • The Enlightenment • Exploration and Expansion • The New World • The Commercial Revolution • Development of the nation-state

3. Changes and Continuities

4. From 1450-1750 in Western Europe the Protestant Reformation led to religious division and intolerance throughout Europe, exploration and mercantilistic overseas policies would see the rise of consolidated Absolute monarchies, however war and instability would persist over land.

12. Spain • Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon • Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada • Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V

13. Spain • Philip II - “The Most Catholic King” • New World wealth • Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Lepanto, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada • Spanish Inquisition • Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power

16. Portugal • Early success in exploration • Early domination of spice and slave trade • Too weak to fend off competing European states (England & Dutch) • Gradual decline

22. France • Hundred Years War – consolidation of lands • War within France – Huguenots • Edict of Nantes 1598 • Thirty Years War – Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin – development of the French state

23. France • Louis XIV – The “Sun King” • “L’etat c’es moi” • Absolutism – rule by divine right • The Court at Versailles • The Estates General – the Three Estates • Colonies Louis XIV

24. The First Estate The Clergy The Second Estate The Nobility The Third Estate The Commoners

30. England • Henry VIII – Reformation • “Bloody Mary” • Elizabeth I – Consolidation of Protestantism • England as a nation-state Elizabeth I

31. England • The Stuarts • James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism / Monarch versus parliament • Charles I Execution of Charles I

32. England • The English Civil War (Revolution?) • Oliver Cromwell • Roundheads versus Cavaliers • New Model Army • Ireland & Scotland conquered • The Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell

33. Britain • The Restoration of Charles II • James II – Religious issues • 1688 - “The Glorious Revolution” • William and Mary • Queen Anne • The House of Hanover • Impact on Colonies Charles II

34. Act Of Union 1707 The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland = The Cross of St. George - England The Union Jack The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland

39. The Netherlands • Freedom from Spain (map) • Dutch Republic de facto 1609 • Strong naval traditions • Tradition for tolerance • VOC – Dutch East India Company • The Spice Trade • Colonies

42. Peter the Great • Peter developed fascination for Western technology • Took throne in 1689 • Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization • Copied many aspects of Western military • Peter developed fascination for Western technology • Took throne in 1689 • Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization • Copied many aspects of Western military Peter the Great

43. Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit • Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem • Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities • 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg • abolished the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit • Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem • Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities • 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg

44. Russia and the West • Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state • Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace • Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West • Russia and the West • Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state • Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace • Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West

45. Catherine the Great • Married Peter III • Peter murdered – Catherine the Great • Married Peter III • Peter murdered – Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796) • Ruled with support of nobility and military • Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment • Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796) • Ruled with support of nobility and military • Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment Catherine II (the Great)

46. Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia • Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918 • Absorbed large Jewish population • Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs • Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia • Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918 • Absorbed large Jewish population • Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs

47. Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741

49. The Holy Roman Empire • Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V • Core – Austria (Hungary added) • German states lost after Thirty Years War • Ottoman pressures • Weakly bound nation-state

50. Italy • City-states • Center of Renaissance • Decline in power and influence after late 1400’s as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic and Asia