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The Brain

The Brain. 3 lbs About the size of two fists Wrinkled Not solid- kind of mushy to the touch Highly vasculated. Anatomy of the Brain. 4 Major Regions of the Brain. The surface is made of ridges (gyri or 1 gyrus) and grooves (sulci or 1 sulcus) Deeper grooves called fissures exist

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain • 3 lbs • About the size of two fists • Wrinkled • Not solid- kind of mushy to the touch • Highly vasculated

  2. Anatomy of the Brain 4 Major Regions of the Brain

  3. The surface is made of ridges (gyri or 1 gyrus) and grooves (sulci or 1 sulcus) • Deeper grooves called fissures exist • Longitudinal fissure: separates the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum

  4. 1. Cerebellum • Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces (like the cerebrum) • Provides involuntary coordination of body movements (fine motor skills and smooth movements) • Balance/Coordination • Monitors body position

  5. 2. Cerebrum or Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) • Paired superior parts of the brain • Largest part: includes more than half of the brain mass

  6. Cerebrum 4 Lobes of the cerebrum (on each hemisphere) • Lobes are named based on the cranial bones that lie over them • Surface lobes of the cerebrum 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe Central sulcus Lateral sulcus *Parietooccipital sulcus

  7. Specialized areas of the Cerebrum • Cerebral Cortex: • outer layer of the cerebrum (grey matter/cell bodies) • Processing of information occurs here • Labeled A • There are also “islands” of grey matter known as basal nuclei *label B shows white matter/ neural axons- relaying of information occurs here

  8. Cerebrum • Corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres • It is a nerve tract (bundle of nerves having the same origin and destination) • Necessary for communication between the two • Labotomy is a procedure that cuts the corpus collasum

  9. Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex (right side controls left side- vice versa) • Postcentralgyrus Primary somatic sensory area: receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors (pain, cold, etc) • Precentral gyrus Primary motor area • Sends impulses to consciously move skeletal muscles • Premotor area • Stores sequence activities

  10. Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex: Frontal Lobe Association cortex: involved in planning planning, complex ideas, behaviors, concentratio, ability to focus, emotional traits, judgment and inhibition Broca’s area: Involved in our ability to speak Asymmetric (only on left hemisphere)

  11. Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex: ParietalLobe Association cortex: receive and utilize information from the lower levels of the brain: temperature, taste, touch, and movement from the rest of the body – such as distance and position of objects

  12. Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex: OccipitalLobe primary visual center of the brain, processes information from the eyes, and links that information with images stored in memory. In other words, this area helps you determine what you are looking at.

  13. Cerebrum: Cerebral Cortex: TemporalLobe Important for making new memories, and for short-term memory, including memories of taste, sound, sight, and touch Wernicke’s Area responsible for receiving auditory information and recognizing words; it is thus central to the process of learning and understanding language.

  14. Regions of the Brain: 3. Diencephalon • Sits on top of the brain stem • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres • Made of three parts (shown in yellow on brain model) • Thalamus • Hypothalamus (posterior to optic chiasma) 3. Epithalamus

  15. Diencephalon • Thalamus The relay station for sensory impulses • Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cerebral cortex for localization and interpretation

  16. Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon B. Hypothalamus (posterior to optic chiasma) • stimulates and controls structures such as the heart, most glands and smooth muscles • allows your systems to excite and relax, as needed. Examples: • Regulate body temperature • Controls water balance • Regulates metabolism • Drive/emotion, sex, appetite, thirst

  17. Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon • Hypothalamus The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

  18. Diencephalon • Epithalamus Location of pineal body primarily responsible for melatonin cycles Includes the choroid plexus bundle of capillaries that form cerebrospinal fluid

  19. 4. Brain Stem • Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Medulla oblongata

  20. Brain Stem A. Midbrain Tracts of nerve fibers • Reflex centers for vision and hearing • Send messages to and from cerebrum • Connect the third and fourth ventricles- cerebral aquaduct

  21. Brain Stem B. Pons • The bulging center part of the brain stem • Mostly composed of fiber tracts • Controls breathing

  22. Brain Stem C. Medulla Oblongata • The lowest part of the brain stem • Merges into the spinal cord • Involuntary control center • Heart rate control • Blood pressure regulation • Breathing/Coughing • Swallowing/Gagging • Vomiting

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