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Monetary policy and interrelationships in the Norwegian economy

Monetary policy and interrelationships in the Norwegian economy. Governor Øystein Olsen. Different horizons – different models. Statistical models (SAM). Business cycle models (NEMO). Equilibrium models. Horizon. Long term. 0-1 year. 1-4 years.

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Monetary policy and interrelationships in the Norwegian economy

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  1. Monetary policy and interrelationships in the Norwegian economy Governor Øystein Olsen

  2. Different horizons – different models Statistical models (SAM) Business cycle models (NEMO) Equilibrium models Horizon Long term 0-1 year 1-4 years

  3. Main requirements for a model for monetary policy • Monetary policy controls inflation • Expectations must be included • Based on theory and empirical data • Understandable and easy to communicate

  4. Growth and inflationPercentage annual growth.Average Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  5. Main requirements for a model for monetary policy • Monetary policy controls inflation • Expectations must be included • Based on theory and empirical data • Understandable and easy to communicate

  6. “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful.” George Box (1979)

  7. Output and inflationPercentage deviation from trend Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  8. Output and unemploymentPercentage deviation from trend Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  9. Unemployment and wage growthPercentage deviation from trend Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  10. Wage growth and inflation Percentage deviation from trend Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  11. The interest rate is an endogenous variable The effect of a change in the interest rate depends on: • The reason for the change • Whether the change is a surprise • Whether the change is temporary or of long duration

  12. VAR model(vector autoregressive model, structural) • Mainland GDP • Inflation (CPI-ATE) • Exchange rate • Interest rate

  13. Isolated effect on GDP of an interest rate increase in two different VAR modelsPer cent Estimationperiod 1996-2009 Estimationperiod 1986-2009 Quarters Source: Norges Bank

  14. Maximum impact of a 1 percentage point interest rate increase, different estimation periods GDP Per cent Inflation Percentagepoints Source: Norges Bank

  15. Number of quarters to maximum effect of interest rate change, different estimation periods GDP Inflation 1986- 1989- 1992- 1995- 2009 2009 2009 2009 Source: Norges Bank

  16. Effect of monetary policy shocks, different models/estimation periods GDP Per cent Inflation Percentagepoints Quarters Quarters Source: Norges Bank

  17. NEMO (Norwegian Economy Model) • General equilibrium model (DSGE) • Forward-looking participants • Monetary policy controls inflation and gives weight to stabilising output • No long-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment • Estimated on Norwegian data

  18. Effect of monetary policy shocks in the VAR models and in NEMO GDP Per cent Inflation Percentagepoints Quarters Quarters Source: Norges Bank

  19. Projected inflation and output gap in the baseline scenario from MPR 2/11 Per cent.Quarterly figures.2008 Q1 – 2014 Q4 Sources: Statistics Norway and Norges Bank

  20. 90% 70% 50% 30% Projected key policy rate in the baseline scenario from MPR 2/11 with fan chart Per cent. Quarterly figures. 2008 Q1 – 2014 Q4 Source: Norges Bank

  21. 90% 70% 50% 30% Key policy rate in the baseline scenario and in the alternative scenarios from MPR 2/11 Per cent. Quarterly figures. 2008 Q1 - 2014 Q4 Source: Norges Bank

  22. Summary: Response pattern in interest rate setting • Empirically anchored • Theory-based • Professional judgement • Learning

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