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Unit 10 Chapter 14. After WWI. WWI boosts the economy (distribution, consumption, and manufacture of goods). Wages are high, spirits are soaring. People are buying more luxury items. Great Depression hits, life changes. Unemployment skyrockets, agriculture/industry decline. 1920’s.
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After WWI • WWI boosts the economy (distribution, consumption, and manufacture of goods). • Wages are high, spirits are soaring. • People are buying more luxury items. • Great Depression hits, life changes. • Unemployment skyrockets, agriculture/industry decline.
1920’s • Country is filled with can doattitude after war • People are getting braver • Willing to travel, try new things • Everyone spends lots of money. • More money is spent on education than anywhere else. • Motels (motor hotels) make travel easier
1920’s continued • Charles Lindbergh successfully makes a transatlantic flight in October 1927. • Nicknamed “Lucky Lindy” and “Lone Eagle.” • Flies “Spirit of St Louis” from NY to Paris. • Street named after him in NY.
King Cotton • Boll weevil appears in 1918. • It destroys cotton crops– the main source of income for farmers. • Larvae feed on boll (the place where cotton fibers are formed) • After 1923, only 500,000 bales produced– 2 million were produced in 1918.
Drought • 1925 major drought hits Ga– a period of extreme dryness from lack of rain. • Drought slows down boll weevil destruction, but kills other crops. • People go to industrial cities (Chicago). • Banks take big losses, farm-related businesses close.
The Great Depression • President Hoover tells America that end of poverty is near. • Stock market is unstable, few notice. Banks are in trouble. • Many are investing in stock market (shares in stocks in corporations are bought and sold). • People borrow money and cannot repay debts.
Stock Market Crashes • October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market “crashes.” • Each passing day brings greater economic crisis– this becomes Great Depression. • $40 billion loss in stocks. • United States Steel share sells for $22, formerly valued at $262.
Banks • People cant pay back money they’ve borrowed. • Banks cannot meet demands of customers for cash. • 650 close in the first year.
Georgia • Already in trouble from boll weevil and drought. • Trouble meeting every day needs. • Children don’t go to school because they don’t have proper clothing or shoes. • Progress stops.
Hoover • Govt. loans money to needy businesses and support public projects for improvement. • Shanties filled with squatters are called Hoovervilles. • Public and private efforts try to provide relief (money and goods given to people in special need). • Something much bigger is needed.
Unemployment • Today 5-6% is acceptable. • Families went hungry • People felt they had no self worth. • 1933 25% were unemployed! • Half of blacks unemployed • Single women were fired so men/women with children can work
The New Deal • Hoover runs for re-election in 1932. • Beat by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. • Naturally optimistic • Had polio • “I pledge to you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.”
The New Deal • To solve economic crisis, created brain trust--a group of advisors from all over USA who helped pass New Deal. • Series of laws passed to bring economic recovery, relieve unemployment, and reform defects of economy, and improve society was “New Deal.”
Economic Recovery • Price supports (guaranteed higher prices) provided to to farmers (Ga is happy!); later unconstitutional • NIRA allowed manufacturers to regulate by cutting production, promised 40 hr work week. • Minimum wage enforced, the least amount an employee can pay for a certain number of hours worked. • Allowed for unions, previously uncommon in the South.
Economic Recovery • Textile mill owners don’t like this. • Owners practice stretch out, requiring workers to work more machines (12 hrs of work in 8 hrs). • People strike, some leave jobs. • Collective bargaining combats getting fired—you can now talk to your employer and discuss job without getting fired
Relief • Several programs designed to help unemployed. • WPA provides jobs for workers asap. • CCC provides jobs for civilians through the military. • These programs only help those who can work. • Social Security Act passed in 1935, govt provides old age insurance from taxes paid by workers.
Social Improvement: Tennessee Valley Authority and Rural Electrification • TVA brings cheap electricity to many states after Tennessee River is dammed. • TVA helps conservation, the management of natural resources to prevent its destruction. • Built model farms to teach farmers how to conserve (“Dust Bowl”). • Rural electrification helped bring power to rural areas at affordable prices.
Fireside Chat • Roosevelt gives speeches to American people via radio between 1933-1945. • Calls listeners “my friends” and uses simple language and concrete examples. • Instills hope. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVEAuBDdE00&feature=related
Politics • Great Depression brings new leadership to Ga. • People hope that leaders will bring them out of their troubles. • Georgia’s governors are a mixture of good and bad.
Richard Russell • Governor after Hardman. • Reduces state boards from 102 to 18. • Tries to run the state like business. • Favors state’s rights; favors military preparedness. • Later serves in Senate (pro tempore).
Eugene Talmadge • Dramatic leader like Tom Watson. • Didn’t like relief efforts, public welfare, federal assistance programs. • Tried to get rid of New Deal in Georgia. • Fired those who disagreed.
Eurith Rivers • Beat Talmadge’s appointed successor Charles Redwine. • Supports New Deal, unlike Talmadge. • Electricity to rural areas. • Some corruption with his staff regarding highway contracts.
Eugene Talmadge • Wins governorship again. • Changes his mind, not so anti-New Deal. • Problems with a supporter who taught at UGA, this guy favored integration. • Lots of publicity, Talmadge is not re-elected.
Ellis Arnall • 1st governor to serve a 4 year term. • Abolished poll tax, adopted new state constitution in 1945. • Helps Ga become first state to grant 18 year olds the right to vote. • Argues that men drafted into the armed forces deserve to vote for country’s leadership.
WW2: Preview • U.S. still recovering from Great Depression. • Wants to stay out of world affairs. • Japan is led by Emperor Hirohito. • Germany is led by Nazi Hitler. • Italy is led by facist Mussolini. • These three form the Axis Powers and want to expand power/territory.
Hitler • 1933 Hitler comes to power as a dictator (rule with complete control). • Dynamic, charismatic Nazi leader. • Believed in “racial hygenie.” • Given Sudetenland for appeasement. • Takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia. • Sept 1, 1939 attacks Poland and starts WW2.
WW2 • USA tries to stay out of it. • Congress proclaims neutrality in 1939. • USA helps Britain by selling arms for cash, then Congress passes lend-lease agreement. • Just like WW1, Germany starts pushing the limits.
USA in WW2 • Dec. 7, 1941 the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • USA gets involved next day by declaring war on Japan. • Joins with other Allies: Great Britain, France and Russia. • War is on two fronts: Germany/Italy in Europe and Africa/Japan in Pacific. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgthakFtZQY
WW2 • Troops fight from a distance, not hand to hand • Airplanes carry bombs/machine guns • Air raids, Radar/sonar track enemy movements • June 6, 1944 “D-Day” is the largest amphibious attack in warfare– pushes Germans out of France
Tuskegee Airmen • Military rethinks discrimination with “Black Bird Men.” • Trained at Tuskegee. • Funds were low, but Eleanor Roosevelt flies with Charles Anderson and brings publicity. • By the end of the war, 4,000 planes were shot down, many were decorated. • Leads to integration in the military.
War In Europe • Feb. 1945 Big Three (FDR, Stalin, Churchill) discuss peace at the Yalta conference. • Europe is free from Hitler by 1945; Hitler commits suicide. • FDR dies in April—spent time in Little White House before death. • Harry S. Truman becomes president.
War in Pacific • Peace isn’t complete—Emperor Hirohito wants unconditional surrender but Japan’s foreign minister does not. • August 6, 1945 Enola Gay drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. • When Japan does not surrender, Nagasaki is bombed 3 days later. • Japan surrenders August 15, 1945.
Georgia in the War • 320,000 enlist. • Russell, who believed in military preparedness, helped bring military installations. • Items like meat, butter, and sugar were rationed (consumption limited) for war effort.
Holocaust • Part of Hitler’s racial hygenie. • Means “death by fire” • 6 million Jews killed in concentration camps. • Died from gas, starvation, disease. • Bodies were burned in giant crematoriums. • Most children were killed immediately, over 1.5 million murdered
Holocaust • The records the Nazis kept when tattooing the prisoners were later used to locate survivors. • Memorials • Boston: 6 towers represent 6 camps, numbers etched on glass • D.C : picture exhibit beginning from 1933-1945
