Teleost Fish: Bonytongues Through Anglerfish Ch. 14

1. Teleost Fish: Bonytongues Through Anglerfish Ch. 14

2. Subdividision Euteleostei • Superorder Ostariophysi • Superorder Protacanthopterygii • Superorder Stenopterygii • Superorder Cyclosquamata • Superorder Scopelomorpha • Superorder Lampridomorpha • Superorder Polymixiiformes • Superorder Paracanthopterygii • Superorder Acanthopterygii

3. Primitive vs. Advanced Traits

4. Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)

5. Subdividision Euteleostei • Superorder Ostariophysi • Superorder Protacanthopterygii • Superorder Stenopterygii • Superorder Cyclosquamata • Superorder Scopelomorpha • Superorder Lampridomorpha • Superorder Polymixiiformes • Superorder Paracanthopterygii • Superorder Acanthopterygii

6. Subdividision Euteleostei • Superorder Ostariophysi -- SuckersMinnows, Characins, and Catfishes • Superorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes, Smelts and Salmonids • Superorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and Anglerfishes • Superorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced Fishes

7. Superorder Protocanthopterygii • Contains three orders • Esociformes • Osmeriformes • Salmoniformes

8. Order Esociformes • Three families: • Esocidae • Umbridae • Daliidae

9. Family Esocidae • Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge: • Predatory; sagittiform bodies • Large mouth & sharp teeth • Found in N. America and Eurasia • Important recreational spp. • Largest: muskellunge (musky) • North-Central US • Central Canada

11. Family Umbridae • mudminnows: • small • Slow-moving • Burrow in mud when disturbed

13. Family Dalliidae • blackfishes: • Australia and Siberia • Able to survive frozen in the ice • Remain inactive until the thaw

14. Order Osmeriformes • Two suborders: • Argentoidea (argentines deep-sea smelts) • Osmeroidei (smelts, galaxiids)

15. Suborder Argentoidei • Argentines: • “deep-sea smelts” • very numerous • harvested commercially in mid-water trawls

16. Suborder Osmeroidei • Smelts and galaxiids: • Smelts: • Small, silvery fish (< 30 cm) • Popular food fish • Freshwater, anadromous, marine • Australian salamanderfish (galaxiid) • Turn head sharply left or right while perched on its pectoral fin • Lacks lung; able to aestivate

17. Smelts Salamanderfish

18. Order Salmoniformes • Family Salmonidae • Contains three subfamilies: • Salmoninae - trouts, salmon, chars • Coregoninae - whitefishes • Thymalinae – graylings • North America and Eurasia • High latitude species • Require high DO and cooler water for survival and reproduction

19. Subfamily Salmoninae • Trouts, salmons and chars • Many species have landlocked and anadromous forms • Onchorhynchusmykiss – rainbow trout (landlocked); steelhead (anadromous) • O. nerka – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee (landlocked)

20. Subfamily Salmoninae • Anadromous species • Eggs laid in freshwater • Fry hatch and develop into parrs (large spots on side of body) • Transform into smolts (migrates to the sea) • Grow to large size in sea • Return to FW to spawn and typically die after spawning • Transfer of nutrients upstream from seas to FW streams important ecologically • Dead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that may ultimately be preyed upon by young salmon

21. Subfamily Salmoninae • Three important genera in North America: • Onchorhynchus – Pacific salmon • California through Canada to Alaska and throughout Siberia • Includes rainbow trout and cutthroat trout • Salmo – Atlantic salmon • Massachusetts to Canada; Iceland and Europe • Nearly extinct due to dams • Landlocked and anadromous forms • Includes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates warm water and lower DO • Salvelinus – North American Chars • Lake trout and Brook trout

24. Subfamily Coreginae • Whitefishes: • Formerly an important species • Numbers have greatly declined relative to introduced species

25. Subfamily Thymalinae • Graylings: • Small trout-like fishes • Grey irridescent bodies • Long dorsal fins

26. Marine Habitat • Classified into distinct areas: • Pelagic- area away from the shoreline • Pelagic divided into distinct regions • Surface to 200 meters = epipelagic • light penetration occurs • 200 meters to 1000 meters = mesopelagic • Faint amount of light • Animals migrate up at night; down during day • 1000 meters to 4000 meters = bathypelagic • Practically no light

27. Stomiiformes • Marine hatchetfishes: • Extremely flattened laterally • Photophores on ventral side • Photophores = light producing organs • Provides countershading = less visible to predators

28. Myctophiformes • Lantern fishes: • Small black fishes • Photophores along entire body • Present in great numbers • Important food for many species

29. Lampridiformes • Bizarre species: • Opah • Found close to the surface; taken by the same pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins and meat is sold oarfish

30. Superorder Paracanthopterygii • Contains a number of orders that are grouped together because of similar morphology: • Order Percopsiformes • Order Ophidiiformes • Order Gadiformes • Order Batrachoidiformes • Order Lophiiformes

31. Order Percopsiformes • Trout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishes: • Possess a true spine • Possess an adipose fin • Pirate perch: • Pelvic fins located below pectorals • Anus located in the throat • Cavefishes: • Adapted to caves • Eyes reduced • Lost their pigment • Elongated bodies • Lateral line system very well-developed Trout perch

32. Anal opening Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)

34. Order Ophidiiformes • Cusk eels : • Taeniform body shape • Found all over world • Mostly marine • Some brightly colored • Pearl fishes • Very thin fishes • Sharp pointed tails • Live inside invertebrates • In cloaca of sea cucumbers • Tickles it to get back in

35. Order Gadiformes • Cods and cod-like fishes: • Large and economically important group • Possess isocercal tails • haddock, walleye, pollock and hake • Cod: • Collected in great numbers off the European coast • Contains little fat—can be dried • Used by ocean-going travelers as a food source

37. Order Batrachoidiformes • Toadfishes: • Bottom dwellers • Lack pleural ribs • Large mouths • Able to produce sound • Muscular vibrations of swim bladder • midshipmen: • Photophores • Arranged on their belly like the buttons of a midshipmen’s uniform

38. Order Lophiiformes • Anglerfishes: • Possess modified dorsal fins “rod and lures” • Batfishes- odd shaped • monkfish • Bottom dweller • Taken in trawls • Once considered trash fish “poor mans lobster”