Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries?

1. Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries? • Blood flows through them quickly and exchange occurs slowly. • Blood flows through them slowly and exchange occurs quickly. • They expand and recoil with elastic rebound. • None of the above is correct.

2. Georgia stands all day at her job. From what condition may she begin to suffer? • a. an aneurysm • b. varicose veins • c. atherosclerosis • d. high blood pressure

3. Why does blood pressure increase during exercise? • because heart rate increases • because vascular resistance increases • because stroke volume increases • all of the above

4. While standing in the hot sun, Sally begins to feel light-headed and faints. Why? • a. Blood has pooled in her lower limbs. • b. Cardiac output has decreased, sending less blood to the brain. • c. Sweating has reduced blood volume. • d. All of the above have occurred.

5. Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb. a = artery and v = vein | R = right and L = left • a. R. subclavian a.  R. axillary a.  R. brachial a.  R. ulnar a.  palmar arches • b. R. radial v.  R. brachial v.  R. axillary v.  R. subclavian v.  brachiocephalic v. • c. brachiocephalic a.  R. subclavian a.  R. axillary a.  R. brachial a.  R. radial a.  palmar arches • d. none of the above

6. Why is blood pressure higher in the aorta than in the inferior vena cava? • The diameter of the aorta is smaller and velocity of blood flow is also greater. • The cross-sectional area of both is the same, but velocity is higher in the inferior vena cava. • Arterial branching is less than that of arteries. • The aorta is shorter than the inferior vena cava.

7. Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary? • CHP is higher at the arterial end. • Fenestrations are larger in diameter. • There are more solutes to be filtered there. • Blood colloidal osmotic pressure is greater there.

8. How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) determined? • It is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. • It is diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure divided by 3). • It is systolic pressure + pulse pressure. • None of the above are correct.

9. What event is happening if net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative? • a. Fluid is moving out of a capillary. • b. The volume of interstitial fluid is increasing. • c. Reabsorption is occurring in a capillary. • d. The person may be hemorrhaging.

10. Which statement below is NOT true with regard to atherosclerosis? • It is more common in males and postmenopausal women. • It is associated with a bacterium that causes respiratory infections, Chlamydia pneumoniae. • It can be caused by both calcium and lipid deposition on the blood vessel walls. • The presence of foam cells on the blood vessel wall prevent the plaque from sticking.

11. Although it is true that arteries carry ___, it is NOT always true that they carry _____ blood. a. blood away from the heart; O2 rich b. blood away from the heart; O2 poor c. blood to the heart; O2 poor d. blood to the heart; O2 rich

12. Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries? a. because venous blood pressure is lower b. because valves prevent backflow of blood c. because venous walls are more muscular d. both A and B

13. The hepatic portal system delivers _____. • nutrients to the liver • wastes to the kidneys • oxygenated blood to the abdominal organs • hormones and enzymes to the pancreas

14. In fetal circulation, what is the role of the ductus venosus? • connects aorta and pulmonary trunk, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation • brings oxygen and nutrients to the fetus • collects blood from veins of the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava • carries away metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide

15. Fenestrated capillaries are important ________ because ________. • in filtration areas of the kidneys; they allow rapid exchanges of water and solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid • in the blood–brain barrier; they have restricted permeability • at the median eminence of the hypothalamus; they allow diffusion of regulatory hormones • both A and C

16. A thrombus in the femoral artery prevents blood flow from the ______ to the ______. • a. external iliac artery; popliteal artery • b. external iliac artery; great saphenous • c. internal iliac artery; anterior tibial artery and dorsal venous arch • d. internal iliac artery; fibular and tibial arteries

17. Grace is in an automobile accident, and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs are directly affected by this injury? • a. kidneys, adrenal glands • b. stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas • c. gonads, abdominal wall, diaphragm • d. diaphragm, esophagus, liver

18. Mr. Petit has been prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What effect will this have on his body? a. It will inhibit the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. b. It will stimulate an increase of cardiac output and vasoconstriction. c. It will stimulate the cascade of events following release of EPO. d. It will inhibit the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2.

19. A patient in the ER has lost 1.5 liters of blood. Which of the following help restore venous return and improve cardiac output? a. secretion of E, NE, and constriction of arterioles b. secretion of ADH and aldosterone c. mobilization of venous reserves and recall of interstitial fluids d. all of the above

20. Gordon has suffered a stroke in his basilar artery. Which regions of his brain suffered damage? • medulla, pons, and cerebellum • frontal lobes and anterior parietal lobes • posterior parietal and occipital lobes • none of the above because of alternate circulatory routes through the cerebral arterial circle

21. Which of the following is a unique characteristic of arteries, when compared to veins? a. Arteries contain tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. b. Arteries have a thinner tunica media. c. Arteries contain an internal elastic membrane in their tunica intima. d. Arteries collapse when blood is not flowing through them.

22. The heart and arteries of the systemic and pulmonary circuits contain ___% of blood volume while the venous system contains ___%. This is because ________. • a. 50; 50; blood must be evenly distributed • b. 65; 35; of high capacitation of arteries • c. 35; 65; of low capacitation of veins • d. All of the above may be correct, depending on whether the individual is sedentary or exercising.

23. Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to all of the following destinations, EXCEPT _____. • a. pelvic muscles • b. reproductive organs • c. gluteal muscles • d. quadriceps muscles

24. Which of the following is an example of a local vasoconstrictor? • a. nitric oxide • b. prostaglandins • c. elevated temperature • d. lactic acid

25. If blood pressure rises above normal and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus are unresponsive, which of the following conditions will occur? a. vasomotor centers inhibited / cardioinhibitory centers stimulated / decrease in cardiac output b. vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers remain stimulated / decreased blood flow to the brain c. decrease in cardiac output / peripheral vasodilation d. vasomotor centers stimulated / increased blood flow to the brain

26. ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, and ANP are all involved in long-term regulation of blood volume. Which two are also important in regulating blood pressure? • a. ANP and ADH • b. ANP and EPO • c. EPO and ADH • d. ADH and angiotensin II