Below is a link to the Suez Canal and Six-Day War PowerPoint

1. Below is a link to the Suez Canal and Six-Day War PowerPoint • https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fj9yjn6RpC90Bt-kz-zoN5iam4w3w4Rn9V7sFpcB-Yg/edit?pli=1#slide=id.p

2. The Bay of Pigs The Middle of the Cold War Natalie Marshall

3. Background Information • Castro overthrows Cuban dictator • Fulgencio Batista • Castro and Khrushchev relationship BFFS FOR LIFE

4. The Plan • Eisenhower administration creates the Cuban exile plan • Purpose was to overthrow Castro and create a non-communist government • CIA created training camps in Guatemala • Castro knew of the plan

5. Khrushchev’s Speech • July 9th, 1960 • To the RFSR Teacher’s Congress in Moscow • Soviet Union would help Cuba gain its independence • Socialist countries would help Cuba • “The peoples of the socialist countries will help their Cuban brothers to uphold their independence with the object of frustrating the economic blockade the United States of America has just declared against Cuba.” Nikita Khrushchev

6. Khrushchev’s Speech • Accused America of enslaving other nations • Soviet Union’s possession of missiles • ”Soviet artillerymen can support the Cuban people with their rocket fire, should the aggressive forces in the Pentagon dare to start intervention against Cuba.” Nikita Khrushchev

7. It Begins • January 1961: Khrushchev announced Soviet Union’s plan to support “wars of national liberation” throughout the world. • Kennedy took this as a threat and in February 1961 (after his inauguration) he authorized the plan. BFFS… NOT 

8. Letter from Kennedy to Khrushchev • US does not “intend” to intervene militarily with Cuba • He is lying because he had already approved of the plan. He was trying to hide US involvement • He states that if external aggression acts on Cuba, then the US will be forced to intervene to “protect this hemisphere against external aggression”.

9. Location • Intended to disguise US involvement • Swampy area • Southern coast of Cuba • Thought there would be little resistance

10. The Invasion begins • April 15th, 1961: American bombers miss their targets • US involvement is exposed • April 17th, 1961 • Invaders land at the Bay of Pigs • Met with heavy fire • Planes shot at them • 2 ships were sunk • Air support destroyed

11. counterattack • Castro sent 20,000 troops • On April 19th, President Kennedy ordered an “air-umbrella” • 6 fighter plans were sent to defend the B26s of the invasion brigade • B26s arrived late and were shot down by the Cubans • The invasion was crushed

12. Results • In total, 1,200 of the exiles surrendered and over 100 were killed. • The US failure to stop the threat of communism in Cuba led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. • US and Soviet relations were further strained by this conflict. • Relations between the US and Cuba are strained to this day.

13. Bibliography • Natalie • Kennedy, John F. "Letter from President Kennedy to Chairman Krushcehv." Letter to Nikita Krushchev. 18 Apr. 1961. Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy. Vincent Ferraro, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. • "The Bay of Pigs." - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. • "Speech to RSFR Teacher's Congress." Speech. Soviet Union, Moscow. 9 July 1960. Modern History Sourcebook. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1960khrushchev-cuba1.html>.

14. Cuban Missile Crisis The Middle of the Cold War Amber Tilicky

15. Background Information • 13 day political and military standoff • October 1962 • Over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba • 90 miles off the U.S. shore

16. The Plan • President John Kennedy notified Americans about the presence of the missiles • Explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security

17. The Plan • To orchestrate their removal without initiating a wider conflict, and possibly a nuclear war • To enact the blockade and made it clear that the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security

19. Showdown at Sea • October 24th • Soviet ships bound for Cuba neared the line of U.S. vessels enforcing the blockade • Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade • October 27th • American reconnaissance plane was shot down over Cuba

20. A Deal Ends the Standoff • During the crisis, the Americans and Soviets had exchanged letters and other communications • On October 26th Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy in which he offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for a promise by U.S. leaders not to invade Cuba • The Soviet leader sent a letter proposing that the USSR would dismantle its missiles in Cuba if the Americans removed their missile installations in Turkey • The Kennedy administration decided to accept the terms of the first message and ignore the second Khrushchev letter entirely. • Privately, however, American officials also agreed to withdraw their nation's missiles from Turkey.

21. Bibliography • Amber • "Home." Ourdoocuments.gov. NARA, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. • McNamara, Robert S. "Notes on October 21, 1962 Meeting with the President." Gwu.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.

22. Why did the cold wart continue? • The Cold War continued because the United States and the Soviet Union were in a fight to be the best. They both wanted to be a “world superpower”. Also, both nations had such differing ideologies and interests. As is shown by the conflicts over Cuba, the Soviet Union wanted Cuba to be communist while the US wanted to protect Cuba from communism. Their differences in ideology is what fueled the Cold War for many years.

23. The Berlin Crisis • “Berlin was considered to be the key to the balance of power in post-World War II Europe” By: Janelle Oliver

24. Following World War II • The early ideas and motives behind Berlin • Allies originally wanted Berlin to be symbol of Germany's defeat. • Both East and West powers could not come to an agreement on German Unification • Berlin was used as a tool by both sides • It is said that history of Berlin reflects the history of the Cold War itself

25. First Berlin Crisis • Soviet Union blockades their side of Berlin • They hoped this would force the Allies to abandon Berlin and their reforms • Allies responded with Berlin Airlift • Delivered supplies to Eastern Berlin • The Soviets suffered a major defeat

26. Second Berlin Crisis • After the Airlift, Eastern German People became tired of Soviet Rule • On June 16, 1953 they began to protest government demands to increase productivity. • Soviets quickly suppressed the revolt • Soviet were surprised and became frightened • The United States and its allies offered only moral support • This revolt would be repeated in other places such as Hungary and Czechoslovakia

27. Third Berlin Crisis • Tensions between East and West continued • Almost a decade after the Berlin airlift, another Crisis arose • Khrushchev delivered the Berlin Ultimatum • He wanted a withdraw of allied troops from West Berlin within six months, have complete control of all Berlin territory and stop access between the two Berlins • American’s response to the Soviet demands • “A failure in Berlin could disrupt NATO and weaken American influence in West Germany, the key to the balance of power in Europe”

28. Third Berlin Crisis • Withdrawing their troops from West Berlin was out of the question. • The powers also insisted on their right of free access to Berlin • U.S. President John F. Kennedy affirmed this stance in his “Three Essentials” of July 1961. • There was a stalemate between the two powers. • After the Geneva conference of foreign ministers the Berlin crisis reached its end with the American-Soviet summit meeting in Vienna. • Vienna became the turning point for the Soviet Union

29. reason behind the wall • Second Great Depression began to his Germany Hard • Hardly able to find good paying jobs • People began to flock to the Western side of Berlin • Brain-Drain • 100s left the daily • Western spies would infiltrate Eastern Berlin • After the Berlin Ultimatum there was an increase in refugees fleeing Eastern Germany • They feared that tie was running out • The Western powers were unwilling to fight a war over Berlin and responded with restraint.

30. The Berlin Wall • "I understand your question as follows: There are people in West Germany who want us to mobilize the construction workers of the GDR to build a wall. I am not aware of any such plans ... No one has the intention of constructing a wall." - Ulbricht • Well, that is exactly what Khrushchev did • Creation of the Berlin Wall

31. Response to the Wall • Kennedy's struggle regarding the wall • Life of a Reinforcement2.55 • Checkpoint Charlie Conflict • General Clay order American tanks to head to the Checkpoint • Khrushchev sent an equal number tanks to meet them • The had a rivals faced down • First Cuban missile Crisis • Fortunately, both Kennedy and Khrushchev did not think berlin was “vital” enough to start war over • Khrushchev called off his tanks first • This is were where the Berlin Crisis began to decrease • The wall fell in 1989

32. Bibliography • Eisenhower on the Second Berlin Crisis. Dir. Dwight Eisenhower. Perf. President Eisenhower. The United State's Government, 1958. Speech. • Kennedy Responds to Berlin Wall. Dir. Perf. History, Film. • Colitt, Leslie . " Berlin crisis: the standoff at Checkpoint Charlie | World news | The Guardian ." Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . The Guardian, 24 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/24/berlin-crisis-standoff-checkpoint-charlie>. • "Berlin Crisis | Allied Museum."Home | AlliiertenMuseum Berlin. Version w. Alliertenmusuem Berlin, n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/themen/berlinkrise-mauerbau.html>.

33. Ostpoltik By: Bailey Hoback

34. Origin • Formation of foreign policy of Federal Republic of Germany • Policy was pushed forward in late 1960s-1970s • Developed by Willy Bradnt • Foreign Minister in the Federal Republic of Germany • 1969; Chancellor of West Germany

35. Reasons For Policy • German for Eastern Policy • Sought closer ties between Eastern Europe and USSR • Political, Economic • Recognition of German Democratic Republic as a state • Wanted to lessen divide between two nations.

36. Actions Taken • Brandt and Eastern German leader WilliStoph met for discussions. • Could not reach final decision, since Brandt would not recognize East Germany as sovereign State. • Treaty of Moscow with Brezhnev, Treaty of Warsaw with Poland signed. • Respect frontiers in central Europe. • Basic Treaty 1972; recognition of both sovereign states. • Brandt retired 1974; Berlin and Germany’s achieved some stability.

37. Bibliography • "Ostpolitik." Weblog post. National Cold War Exibition. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. • Egon, Bahr. Eastern and Western Germany. Four-Power Agreement. Basic Treaty. East Berlin: , 1972. Print. • Willy, Brandt. Western Germany and People's Republic of Poland. German Bundestag. Treaty of Warsaw. Presidential Palace,Warsaw : , 1970. Print.

38. Why Did the Cold War Continue?

39. Hungarian Revolt of 1956 Nic Arlandson

40. What was the Hungarian Revolt? • Nationwide revolt against the government of Hungary • Lead by the Hungarian social workers party • Lasted from October 23 to November 10 • First major threat to Soviet control since the USSR drove out Nazis

41. How did the Hungarian Revolt start? • Started a student demonstration • Used vans to call out support from speakers • The revolt spread quickly and government quickly collapsed • Civilians started militias to battle the State Security Police • Rebellion against Nagy's ideas

42. What happened in the Revolt? • The civilians took arms against the soviets • The people created a social militia and were fighting against the government that was being aided by the soviets • Kremlin let out a fake proposal of accepting negotiation with the people but then flipped the switch • Soviets completely crushed the revolt and killed everyone • Very unorganized resistance with little to no actual resistance leadership

43. How did the Revolt end? • It ended with the Soviets putting through a military force that completely wiped out the revolution • The Soviets gained control until they could put Kadar in • This allowed the Soviets to keep communism alive and not threatened • This also made other leaders and countries not try to revolt against the soviets and their communism • Although it did bring Hungary to neutrality and renounced the Warsaw treaty in the UN

44. Primary Sources • "Study Prepared for U.S. Army Intelligence, “Hungary: Resistance Activities and Potentials,”."Study Prepared for U.S. Army Intelligence, “Hungary: Resistance Activities and Potentials,” (1956): n. pag. Print. • "Minutes of the Nagy Government’s Fourth Cabinet Meeting." (1956): n. pag. Print.

45. Prague Spring Tayler Shreve

46. What is Prague Spring? • “The brief period of time when the government of Czechoslovakia led by Alexander Dubcek seemingly wanted to democratize the nation and lessen the stranglehold Moscow had on the nation’s affairs. The Prague Spring ended with a Soviet invasion, the removal of Alexander Dubcek as party leader and an end to reform within Czechoslovakia.”

47. What Caused Prague Spring • May 1966 • Complaints that the Soviet Union was exploiting the people • People in Czecholslovakiacomplained about the government in Prague • A weak economy worsened the tensions • None of the reforms that were introduced worked • Workers remained in poor housing and led the most basic of lifestyles • June 1967 • Open criticism of Antonin Novotný, Party Leader, at the Writers’ Union Congress • October 1967 • Students demonstrated against Novotný • Liberals and Czechoslovakians united to elect Dubcek as first secretary in early 1968 • This marks the beginning of Prague Spring

48. The Beginning of Prague Spring • January 5, 1968 • Alexander Dubcek became leader in Czechoslovakia • Czechoslovakia was Communist at this time • Dubcek began a series of reforms • “We shall have to remove everything that strangles artistic and scientific creativeness." • Bypassed Soviet control • Threatened Soviet control

49. What Reforms? • Dubcek’s reforms • Communism should be more liberal • Communism should be more responsive to the people • Freedom of press • Newspapers began publishing revelations about corruption in ‘high places’ • Emphasizing consumer goods • Multi-party government • Abolition of censorship • Creation of works councils in industry

50. More Reforms • Dubcek wanted the CzecoslovakiaCommunist Party to remain the predominant party in Czechoslovakia • Wanted the totalitarian aspects of the party to be reduced