LAURIER

1. LAURIER SETTLING THE WEST

2. ELECTION OF 1900 • THE ISSUES SINCE 1896 WERE: • THE MANITOBA SCHOOLS ACT • THE ALASKA BOUNDARY DISPUTE • IMPERIAL PREFERENCE • CONTINUING THE NATIONAL POLICY • CONTINUATION OF RWY CONSTRUCTION • THE ECONOMIC BOOM • THE BOER WAR ETC • ALL WERE SOLVED WITH COMPROMISE OR WERE NOT COMPLETELY CONTROVERSIAL IN 1900 • LAURIER’S CANADA FIRST POLICY SEES HIM TO VICTORY WITH 128-78-8

3. LAURIER’S LOSSES • ANDREW BLAIR RWY AND CANALS MINISTER • HENRI BOURASSA • STUDENTS NOW READ PAGES 287-292 AND ANSWER QUESTION SHEET ON IMMIGRATION • WHEN DONE GO OVER QUESTIONS

4. QUESTIONS ON IMMIGRATION • WHY DID THE UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH THAT OCCURRED IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1865-1900, HINDER DEVELOPMENT WITHIN CANADA? THIS HELPED LEAD TO THE INFERIORITY COMPLEX CANADIANS SUFFER FROM WHEN COMPARING OURSELVES TO OUR SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS. DOES THIS FEELING STILL EXIST TODAY??

5. ANSWER QUE 1 • US GROWTH BRINGS PEOPLE IN THE THOUSANDS. FEW COME HERE AS NOT AS HOSPITABLE, NOR WEALTHY • WHEN YOU LIVE NEXT TO GIANT YOU ARE OFTEN OVERLOOKED • EVEN TODAY WE FEEL WEAK NOT BECAUSE WE ARE, BUT BECAUSE COMPARED TO US WE ARE SMALL • TO MAKE IT BIG AS CANADIAN WE MUST BE SUCCESSFUL IN US. THINK SPORTS, MUSIC, TV ETC.

6. 2. DESCRIBE THE POTENTIAL THAT EXISTED IN 1896 TO EXPAND THE CANADIAN SHARE OF THE GLOBAL WHEAT MARKET? WHAT FACTORS GUARANTEED THAT CANADA COULD BECOME A MAJOR EXPORTER OF WHEAT?

7. ANSWER QUE 2 • THE POTENTIAL FOR CANADIAN WHEAT EXPORT WAS IMMENSE. • HUGE TRACTS OF FERTILE LAND THAT COULD RIVAL THE BEST WHEAT HARVESTS IN THE WORLD • PLUS VERY SMALL DOMESTIC POPULATION SO COULD EXPORT THIS WHEAT • PROBLEM WAS THAT IN 1897 ONLY 22,000 PEOPLE LIVED ON THE LAND. • NEED PEOPLE ON THE LAND TO FARM THE LAND • THIS INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY WOULD ESTABLISH WEALTH, INDEPENDENCE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

8. 3. WHO WAS CLIFFORD SIFTON? WHAT ROLE IS HE TO PLAY IN CANADIAN HISTORY? 4. SIFTON ADVERTISED CANADA’S WEST AS “THE LAST, BEST WEST”. WHAT DO YOU THINK HE MEANT BY THIS? DO YOU THINK IT WAS ENTIRELY ACCURATE? WAS THE CAMPAIGN SUCCESSFUL?

9. ANSWER QUE 3 • CLIFFORD SIFTON WAS LAURIER’S MINISTER OF INTERIOR. • AS MINISTER OF INTERIOR HIS JOB WAS TO SETTLE THE WEST • HE IS THE ONE WHO BRINGS OVER THE IMMIGRANTS IN THE THOUSANDS • HE DEVELOPS CANADIAN WEST, AND HELPS ESTABLISH A COUNTRY FROM EAST TO WEST. • HE ALSO ESTABLISHES THE MULTICULTURALISM AS HE DID NOT CARE IF NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE FROM WESTERN EUROPE OR EASTERN EUROPE. • RATHER THAN WASPS, HE WANTED FARMERS.

10. ANSWER QUE 4 • LAST BEST WEST MEANT THAT OUR WEST STILL OPEN FOR IMMIGRATION WHILE THE US WAS NOW OFFICIALLY FILLED UP AND CLOSED • IN THIS IT WAS ACCURATE, AS FOR BEST, PERHAPS NOT ENTIRELY TRUE BUT THE LAND WAS VERY FERTILE, IF UNFORGIVING. • THE CAMPAIGN AND PROMISES MADE TO THE EUROPEANS WERE SUCCESSFUL IN BRINGING OVER THOUSANDS OF IMMIGRANTS, SO YOU MUST SAY YES IT WAS SUCCESS

11. 5. SIFTON WAS OFTEN QUOTED AS SAYING HE WANTED IMMIGRANTS THAT WERE “STALWART PEASANTS IN SHEEP-SKIN COATS, BORN ON THE SOIL, WHOSE FOREFATHERS HAVE BEEN FARMERS FOR TEN GENERATIONS, WITH A STOUT WIFE, AND A HALF DOZEN CHILDREN…” WHAT DOES SIFTON SEE AS THE VIRTUES OF THESE PEOPLE? WHERE WAS HE LIKELY TO FIND SUCH PEOPLE? DO YOU THINK THESE WERE THE PEOPLE CANADA NEEDED?

12. ANSWER QUE 5 • THESE PEOPLE WERE THE HARDWORKING PEASANT CLASS OF EASTERN EUROPE • THEY ARE USED TO WORKING HARD LONG HOURS • THEY ARE WILLING TO WORK FOR THEIR OWN FUTURE SUCCESS • THEY WOULD BE USED TO LIVING IN QUESTIONABLE CONDITIONS UNTIL THEY COULD PROSPER • THEY WERE EXACTLY WHAT THE WEST NEEDED. HARD WORKERS TO DEVELOP, AND LARGE FAMILIES TO POPULATE • BY ALLOWING THEM TO KEEP TRADITIONS, AND CULTURE, WE BECAME THE MOSAIC.

13. 6. LOOKING AT THE POPULATION EXPLOSION THAT OCCURRED IN THE WEST BETWEEN 1896-1915 YOU WOULD HAVE TO SAY THAT IN TERMS OF SETTLING THE WEST, LAURIER AND SIFTON WERE SUCCESSFUL. HOWEVER, WHAT SORTS OF DRAMATIC CHANGES WERE WROUGHT WITH THE SUDDEN INFLUX OF SO MANY “PEASANTS WITH SHEEP SKIN COATS”?

14. ANSWER QUE 6 • CANADIAN MOSAIC • CHALLENGE TO DEMOGRAPHICS • RACISM • LANGUAGE DIVISION INCREASE • PROBLEMS FOR SCHOOLING ISSUES IN WEST

15. 7. LIST SOME OF THE MINORITY GROUPS THAT CAME FROM EUROPE. INDICATE WHERE THEY CAME FROM, AND FOR WHAT REASON THEY CHOSE TO COME TO CANADA?

16. ANSWER QUE 7 • MENNONITES: 1870’S GERMAN PROTESTANTS FROM RUSSIA. THEY CAME HERE BECAUSE OF SOME PERSECUTION IN RUSSIAN RELIGION MIX, AND TO AVOID MILITARY SERVICE IN CZARIST RUSSIA • ICELANDERS: CAME IN 1840’S AFTER ERUPTION IN ICELAND HINDERED FOOD PRODUCTION. THEY SETTLED IN MANITOBA AND BECAME LAKE FISHERMEN. GIMLI IS SETTLEMENT

17. JEWS: 1880’S FLEEING ALMOST ALL OF EUROPE. POGROMS POWERFUL AT THIS TIME SO FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM MANY LEFT. • UKRAINIANS: 1890’S CAME FROM RUSSIA. THEY ARE GREAT FARMING CLASS. MOVE FROM THE RUSSIAN BREADBASKET TO THE CANADIAN • DOUKHOBORS: FROM RUSSIA. TO AVOID MILITARY SERVICE

18. CLIFFORD SIFTON LAURIER’S MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR, AND FATHER OF THE CANADIAN MOSAIC

19. ADD FOR WORKERS SHOWS NEED FOR MEN AND ATTEMPT TO GET THEM FROM USA ADD FOR CANADIAN LAND IN EUROPE.

20. THE FAMOUS SODDY HOUSE MOST EARLY IMMIGRANTS BUILT THE LAST BEST WEST AD THAT APPEARED ACROSS USA AND EUROPE

21. THE NEW CANADA 1905

22. CANADIANIZATION OF CANADA • IMPERIAL CONFERENCE FOR QUEEN VICTORIA’S DIAMOND JUBILEE • BOER WAR COMPROMISE • ALASKA BOUNDARY DISPUTE • IMMIGRATION DECREASES BRITISH SENTIMENT WITH NEW IMMIGRANTS • 1904 MILITIA ACT STATES HEAD OF CDN MILITIA MUST BE CANADIAN. (REMEMBER HUTTON) • DIDN’T GO TOO FAR AS WARNED BY BR THAT FULL INDEPENDENCE MEANT NO BRITISH SUPPORT

23. 1900 ELECTION • 1896 LAURIER’S COMPROMISES HAD DONE FINE. • THE ISSUES SINCE 1896 WERE THE MANITOBA SCHOOLS ACT • THE ALASKA BOUNDARY DISPUTE • IMPERIAL PREFERENCE AND CONTINUING THE NATIONAL POLICY • CONTINUATION OF RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION • THE ECONOMIC BOOM • THE BOER WAR ETC • CHARLES TUPPER COULD OFFER LITTLE IN OPPOSITION AS LAURIER WAS CANADA FIRST BUT LUKEWARM IMPERIALIST • 128-78-8 LIBERAL VICTORY, LAURIER’S SECOND MAJORITY

24. 1904 ELECTION (More of the Same) • ECONOMY GOOD BECAUSE OF RWY BOOM • ECONOMIC BOOM FROM SETTLEMENT OF WEST, HARDROCK MINING ETC • CDN FIRST POLICY AND COMP STILL WINNING • NEW IMMIGRANTS SUPPORT LAURIER • FACES NEW CONSERVATIVE LEADER ROBERT BORDEN • QUE, WEST VERY PRO LAURIER. LOSES ONTARIO BY TEN • 139-75 VICTORY FOR LAURIER. THIRD MAJORITY IN A ROW

25. THE WEST • 1905 POPULATION OF WEST WARRANTED PROVS. • ALTA AND SASK CREATED (AUTONOMY BILLS OF 1905) • BUFFALO? LAND TO BC/MANITOBA? SPLIT NORTH SOUTH? SPLIT EAST WEST? • WENT EAST WEST SPLIT TO BASICALLY TODAY • REP IN HOUSE AND SENATE, FEDS CONTROL NATURAL RESOURCES, SUBSIDY BASED ON POPULATION. NO DEBT • SCHOOLING BIGGER ISSUE. NORTH-WEST SCHOOLS ACT (1875) CALLED FOR ENGLISH AND FRENCH SCHOOLS. NO ONE THERE FRENCH, SO MANY SAID WASTE OF MONEY

26. CLIFFORD SIFTON CALLS FOR THEIR REMOVAL • ORIGINALLY LAURIER DOES NOT ACT, SO SIFTON LEAVES GOV’T • EVENTUALLY COMP SIMILAR TO MANITOBA, BUT TOO LATE TO APPEASE SIFTON • SIFTON FELT LAURIER KOWTOWING TO CATHOLICS AND FRENCH • BOURASSA LEFT BECAUSE TOO ENGLISH, SIFTON BECAUSE TOO FRENCH. DAYS OF COMPROMISING RUNNING OUT FOR LAURIER

27. FURTHER STEPS TO NATIONHOOD • 1907 JOSEPH POPE UNDER SECRETARY FOR LAURIER • HE HAD BEEN IN OFFICE SINCE 1891 • AFTER ALASKA HE BEGAN TO AGREE THAT CANADA NEEDED FOREIGN RELATIONS CONTROL • 1907 CANADA TRYING TO NEGOTIATE JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TREATY, BUT BRITAIN TAKING A LONG TIME AS MORE CONCERNED WITH GERMANY • 1909 LAURIER FOUNDS DEPT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS. MODEST AT FIRST, COPY DOCUMENTS FOR CANADA ETC. • BRITAIN STILL THE SIGNATORY POWER. POPE IN CHARGE

28. Sir Joseph Pope: first under-secretary of the Department of External Affairs

29. 1909 JOINT COMMISSION TO LOOK AT OUTSTANDING CANADIAN AND AMERICAN BILATERAL ISSUES • BRITAIN TO SIGN, BUT WE NEGOTIATE • THIS SHOWS USA ACCEPTANCE, AS WELL AS BRITISH THAT WE HAVE OWN VOICE • FIRST ISSUE WAS BORDERS, AND WATERWAYS. THREE YANKS, THREE CANUCKS, NO BRITS. MAJOR STEP UP

30. NAVAL ISSUE • 1907 BRITISH IMPERIAL CONFERENCE • LAURIER SENIOR STATESMAN FROM FIRST • BRITISH WANT MONEY FOR NAVY • LAURIER BALKS AS SEES THIS AS STEP BACK • BRITISH SAY NEED HELP AS LOSING NAVAL RACE TO GERMANS. DREADNOUGHT CLASS EXPENSIVE, NEED HELP FROM COLONIES. ENGLISH CANADA YES, FRENCH CAN NO • LORD FISHER WANTS PREEMPTIVE STRIKE AGAINST GERMANY, BUT KING EDWARD VII REFUSES FEARING WAR

31. WINSTON CHURCHILL (CENTER) AS FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY LORD FISHER ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET

32. HMS DREADNOUGHT

33. 1909 CHURCHILL ANNOUNCES TO HOUSE THAT IN 3 YEARS CONTROL OF SEAS MAY BE LOST • FISHER RECALLS SHIPS FROM ALL OVER EMPIRE FOR DEFENSE • LAURIER SEES HIS OUT, WHY NOT HAVE CDN NAVY HERE SO BRITISH NAVY CAN GO TO EUROPE • PROBLEM WE HAVE NO SHIPS, SO LET’S BUY THEM FROM BRITAIN • WE PAY GOOD MONEY FOR BAD SHIPS! • BRITAIN GETS MONEY FOR NAVY, WE GET OWN NAVY SO EVERYONE HAPPY? NO ONE HAPPY THIS TIME

34. QUE SEES THIS AS GIVING MONEY TO BRITAIN FOR IMPERIALISM, WHILE CANADA SEES THIS AS TIN POT NAVY THAT SUCKS • IN END NEITHER SHIP SEES REAL ACTION IN WWI, BOTH SCRAPPED BY 1916 • RICHARD MCBRIDE BUYS THREE OLD USA SUBS TO CONTRIBUTE AND THE CDN NAVY IS BORN • AT FIRST DEAL WITH BORDEN AND SUPPORT IN HOUSE. AS IMPERIALISTS REACT AGAINST THE NAVAL BILL BORDEN TURNS AGAINST TO GET AN ISSUE TO FIGHT LAURIER WITH

35. HMCS NIOBE 1911 HMCS RAINBOW 1910

36. CANADIAN SUBMARINE FLEET BC CIRCA 1914 AND THE MAN WHO FOUNDED THE CANADIAN SUBMARINE FLEET

37. WOMAN’S MOVEMENT • NEW WOMAN MOVEMENT, AN OFFSHOOT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • WOMEN BEGAN TO DEMAND RIGHTS (BICYCLE A MAJOR FACTOR?) • WCTU ALSO A FACTOR • CANADIAN SUFFRAGETTES LIKE EMILY MURPHY (SHE’S A REAL PERSON JANEY CANUCK BOOKS), NELLIE MCCLUNG (PLAY)

38. TO THE LEFT IS NELLIE MCCLUNG, AND ABOVE THE FIRST FEMALE PERSON, NOT EVE, BUT EMILY MURPHY

39. ELECTION OF 1908 • REMEMBER BEFORE CONTROVERSY OF NAVY • CLEANS UP IN WEST, AND QUE. LOSES ONTARIO, BC, MANITOBA • 133-85-3 • WHILE ON THE DECLINE HIS POLICIES STILL CARRY THE DAY • FOURTH MAJORITY IN A ROW. ONLY PM TO EVER DO

40. DOWNFALL OF LAURIER • AFTER 1909 NAVAL CONTROVERSY LAURIER TAKES VACATION TO WEST • WANTS TO SEE HIS PROVINCES ON HIS RAILWAYS • TALKS TO FARMERS BEING HURT BY NATIONAL POLICY DESPITE CROWS NEST PASS AGREEMENT • THEY ASK WHERE THE FREE TRADER OF 1891 WENT • LAURIER BEGINS TO THINK NATIONAL POLICY HAS RUN ITS COURSE AND TIME FOR FREE TRADE • AT JUST THIS TIME USA NEEDS RAW MATERIALS AND COMES ASKING US FOR FREE TRADE (PRESIDENT TAFT)

41. AT FIRST LAURIER HESITANT BUT THEN ENTERS NEGOTIATIONS • 1910 RECIPROCITY DEAL SIGNED, NEEDS TO BE RATIFIED IN BOTH • BORDER DESPONDENT THOUGHT HE’D LOSE AGAIN IN 1912. • BIG BUSINESS IN ONTARIO AND QUE WORRIED SO THEY ATTACK LIKE IN 1891 • USE SAME TACTICS; SUPPORT OPPOSITION WITH MONEY, AND THREATEN WORKERS • CONSERVATIVES BEGIN FILIBUSTER • SIFTON AGAINST FREE TRADE AS SAID IT WOULD DESTROY RAILWAYS AND ALL WORKERS WOULD LOSE JOBS • USA SPEAKER OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ADDS FUEL TO ANTI US FIRE • LAURIER OFF TO LONDON FOR CONFERENCE

42. LAURIER RETURNS, STILL FILIBUSTER • CALLS SNAP ELECTION TO SHUT UP CONSERVATIVES EXPECTING TO WIN • IMPERIALISTS ANTI LAURIER, BIG BUSINESS, RAILWAYS, AND NOW USA SPEAKER OF HOUSE OPENS HIS MOUTH • NOW LAURIER AGAIN CALLED AN AMERICAN SYMPATHIZER ESPECIALLY AFTER THE SPEAKER OF US SENATE MAKES HIS COMMENTS AND ATTACKED BY ALL SIDES • BOURASSA CAMPAIGNS AGAINST LAURIER IN QUE RUNNING AUTONOMISTES HOPING TO GET MINORITY GOV’T AND INFLUENCE CDN POLICY • ANDREW BLAIR, CAMPAIGNS AGAINST LAURIER IN MARITIMES, SIFTON IN WEST, ETC. • LAURIER CANNOT CARRY THE DAY LOSES 118-87-16

43. BOURASSA’S PLAN BACKFIRED, NOW HAVE ENGLISH CANADIAN CONSERVATIVE MAJORITY • CONSERVATIVES DIDN’T RUN MANY CANDIDATES WHERE ANTI LAURIER SENTIMENT HIGH IN QUE HOPING BOURASSA WOULD WIN • LAURIER TOYS WITH RESIGNING, BUT NO HEIR. STAYS LEADER OF LIBS UNTIL DEATH IN 1919 • HE WAS VILIFIED IN QUE AS PRO BRITISH AND IN ENGLISH CANADA AS ANTI BRITISH HE ALWAYS SAID NEITHER, HE WAS CANADIAN

44. "Canada has been the inspiration of my life. I have had it before me as a pillar of fire by night and a pillar of cloud by day, a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation... of conciliation...". • AND SO ENDS OUR LOOK AT LAURIER FOR NOW, WE WILL STILL MENTION HIM IN OUR WWI UNIT AS HE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT PART AS LEADER OF OPPOSITION DURING THOSE YEARS • TOMORROW QUIZ, THEN OFF TO BORDEN AND THE FIELDS OF EUROPE

45. LAURIER’S GRAVE TODAY OTTAWA’S NOTRE DAME CEMETERY