One Minute Manager Period 5

1. One Minute Manager Period 5 Your objective is to research your assigned term and create a one minute lesson about the term with as many facts, names, definitions, examples or other pertinent information for the study of biopsychology. You will need to create a slide with the following items on it: 1. The term 2. Several bulleted points about the term 3. A visual to graphically represent the term Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Biological Psychology • Focuses on physical and chemical changes that either • cause certain behaviors/mental processes • occur in response to behaviors • Study of cells and organs • Examines relationship between the brain and behavior Roger Sperry, neuropsychologist

3. 1. Nervous System - Connor • The nervous system regulates and coordinate body activities. • The nervous system is made up of two major divisions the central nervous system which is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. It also houses the peripheral nervous system which is made up of other neural elements. It also is the network for communication for the body • The left side of the human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body. • There are about 13 million 500 thousand neurons in the human spinal cord. • As we get older the brain loses almost 1 gram per year. • The total surface area of the human brain is about 25,000 cm

4. 2.Neurons Neurons and other body cells both contain a nucleus that holds genetic information. Neurons and other body cells are surrounded by a membrane that protects the cell. The cell bodies of both cell types contain organelles that support the life of the cell, including mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and cytoplasm. Differences that make neurons unique: Unlike other body cells, neurons stop reproducing shortly after birth. Because of this, some parts of the brain have more neurons at birth than later in life because neurons die but are not replaced. While neurons do not reproduce, research has shown that new connections between neurons form throughout life. Neurons have a membrane that is designed to sends information to other cells. The axonand dendrites are specialized structures designed to transmit and receive information. The connections between cells are known as a synapses. Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters into these synapses to communicate with other neurons.

5. 3. Glial Cells • Non-neural cells that perform “housekeeper” duties • clears out debris and excess material • they support neural cells by providing support and nutrition • 10-50 times more glial cells than neurons in the brain • short for neuroglia • many types • radial cells, astrocytes, satellite cells and many more

6. 4. Axon The axon is the elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and transmits the neural signal. The larger the axon, the faster it transmits information. Some axons are covered with a fatty substance called myelin that acts as an insulator. These myelinated axons transmit information much faster than other neurons. Axon Characteristics Most neurons have only one axon Transmit information away from the cell body May or may not have a myelin covering

7. 5. Dendrites • The branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemicalstimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project • Some contain small projections referred to as "appendages" or spines • Appendages increase receptive properties of dendrites to isolate signals • The structure strongly influences how it integrates the input from other neurons

8. 6. Synapses - Emily • Space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron • Structure that permits a neuron(or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise)

9. 7. Action Potential - Alexis (AB) • occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body • an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current • for any given neuron, the size of the action potential will always be the same meaning the neuron either does or does not reach the threshold

10. 8. Myelin • layers • rich in lipids and proteins • present in CNS and PNS • CNS myelin - produced by oligodendrocytes • PNS myelin - produced by Schwann cells • both chemically different but same function • body heals damaged nerves naturally by stimulating oligodendrocytes in the area

11. 9. Refractory Period • A neuron has a membrane gate that opensbriefly and then closes causing neurons to fire over and over. • The refractory periodis when there is a very short rest between firing when the neuron can’t fire. • As positive charged molecules are pumped outside the membrane again, the cell returns to its polarized state and after the repolarization process is complete, the neuron can fire again. • Firing rate can vary from a few action potentials per second to as many as 1,000 per second and these patterns of neuron firing send coded messages that tell us about the intensity of light or sound.

12. 10. Receptors • Sites on the surface of a cell that allow only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into them, triggering a chemical response that may lead to an action potential. • Proteins which neurotransmitters attach to • puzzle pieces • electrochemical signal = channels open, charged molecules flow in or out, causing a change in membrane potential • strong signal starts another action potential

13. 13. Postsynaptic Potentials • The change in the membrane potential of a neuron that has received stimulation from another neuron • occurs when an action potential is altered in any way • used to stop a transmission or divert it or speed it up

14. 14. Excitatory and Inhibitory • The changes that takes place in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is called the postsynaptic potential • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential is caused by depolarization of the membrane, which leads to the neuron to fire an action potential • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential is caused by hyperpolarization of the membrane, which makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential Types of Neurotransmitters

15. Definition: Interconnected neural cells that, with experience, learn, which causes feedback to strengthen or inhibits connections that produce certain results. - done through dendrites and axons 15. Neural Networks

16. 16. Sensory System Motor System Definition: Parts of the nervous system that provide info about the environment Include: • Hearing • Vision • Taste • Smell • Touch Definition: Parts of the nervous system that influence muscles and other organs to respond to the environment • When your environment is hot, motor system helps muscles respond appropriately • Flinching when you see something in your face Sage Fazzone Per. 5

17. 17. Peripheral Nervous System • Two types of cells in the peripheral nervous system. -These cell, the sensory nervous cell and the motor nervous cells, carry information to and from the central nervous system. -Cells of the sensory nervous system send information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.

18. 18. Autonomic Nervous System - Anna *is the part of theperipheral nervous system that acts as acontrol system, functioning largely below the level ofconsciousness, and controlsvisceral functions. * located in themedulla oblongata in thelower brainstem *affectsheart rate,digestion,respiratory rate,salivation,perspiration,pupillary dilation,micturition (urination), andsexual arousal

19. 19. Nuclei • Collections of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. • The cell's chromosomes are housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes contain DNA which provides the genetic information necessary for the production of other cell components and for the reproduction of life.

20. 20. Fiber tracts • Axons in the central nervous system and travel together in bundles. aka pathways. • Not one part of the brain works in isolation because of fiber tracks. • “Association tracts” are fiber tracts associated with emotional regulation,social behavior,attention and planning.

21. 21. Spinal Cord & Reflexes • the part of the central nervous system within the spinal column that relays signals from peripheral senses to the brain and conveys messages from the brain to the rest of the body. • A reflex action, differently known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

22. The Right hemisphere is more active in musical and artistic tasks. Cerebral Hemispheres are the left and right halves of the rounded,outermost part of the brain 22. Cerebral Hemisphere The Left Hemisphere is more active in language and logical tasks Andres Sanchez

23. 23. Cerebral Cortex - Chelsea Outermost covering of gray matter over the brain *2-3mm thick Most highly developed part of brain Grey due to lack of insulation in nerves Responsible for: thinking, perceiving, producing & understanding language Function: • Determining Intelligence • Determining Personality • Motor Function • Planning and Organization • Touch Sensation Sight of most info processing

24. 24. Sensory Cortex Motor Cortex • contains a map of the body parts. The body parts which require more sensory input take up a larger space in the cortex. • receives incoming messages about touch and limb movements from the body. • The somatosensory cortex is responsible for our sense of touch. • region responsible for the coordination of planning, control, and executing voluntary movements • right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and vice versa. • Experiments showed that stimulating a specific area of the motor cortex leads to different body movements

25. 25. Association cortex • Most developed part of the cerebral cortex, and the brain in general • Cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information • These areas are necessary for perceptual activities, like recognizing objects (toasters, horses, trees, words, etc), rather than simple contours, edges or sensory qualities like color or pitch. • Higher order association cortex carries out complex mental processes not associated with any particular sense.

26. 26. Corpus Callosum - Erica Z • The transverse band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. allowing communication between both hemispheres. • The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres. • The corpus callosum is involved in several functions of the body including: • Communication Between Brain Hemispheres • Eye Movement • Maintaining the Balance of Arousal and Attention • Tactile Localization

27. 27. Lateralization • the left and right sides of the brain the specialized functions skills such as language is a left brain skill and a right brain skill would be visual and spatial relationships. • lateralization is when there is a preference to one side for a function or activity.

28. 28. Synaptic Plasticity- Carson • Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time • in response to activity • one of the most important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory • brain doesn’t grow in size, but rather in efficiency

29. 29. Neurotransmitters • stored in numerous little “bags”called vesicles, at the tips of axons • when an action potential reaches the end of an axon, a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse Def: chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another

30. 30. Endocrine System • Cells that form organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones • Regulates things such as: -metabolism -blood pressure -digestion -growth

31. 31. Glands and Hormones • Glands - controlled directly by stimulation from the nervous system - regulates the functions of organs in the body -maintains homeostasis • Hormones - chemicals released by cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism - Secreted into bloodstream and affects emotion and movement

32. 32. Fight or Flight Syndrome • American Psychologist Walter Cannon, 1920 • A reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically. -reactions inside the body help mobilize the body's resources to deal with threatening circumstances. • Your body reflexes releases a rush of adrenaline hormone. -Brain becomes alert and concentrating only on the present dangerous situation. • The fight-or-flight response is also known as the acute stress response. Essentially, the response prepares the body to either fight or flee the threat.

33. 33. Negative Feedback Systems • A feedback system is a series of processes in which information about the consequences of an action goes back to the source of the action so that adjustments can be made. • Negative = suppresses further action reduces output • ex: thermostat fight or flight syndrome

34. 34. Phineas Gage - Anna * permanently unstable if not an uncontrollable personality*Phineas was transformed into a boastful, unpredictable, moody, depraved, slovenly, quarrelsome, aggressive, and drunken bully who had fits of temper, and whose sexuality was impaired*Doctor John Martyn Harlow of Cavendish took charge of his treatment, which lasted about 3 months, until Phineas was well enough to return to his parents’ farm in Lebanon, New Hampshire.* railroad spike went through eyeball

35. 35. Immune System The body’s system of defense against invading substances and microorganisms • monitors the internal state of the body and detects invading cells and toxic substances • recognizes and remembers foreign substances • engulfs and destroys foreign cells as well as cancer cells

36. 36. Autoimmune Disorder Definition: Physical problems caused when cells in the Immune System attack normal body cells as if foreign invaders. • When system becomes overactive • Arthritis • Diabetes • Multiple Sclerosis a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue.

37. 37. Chromosomal Abnormalities • Refers to an abnormality of chromosomes- structure function • Organized into 2 basic groups • Numerical Abnormalities • (ie Down Syndrome- extra 21 chromosome, Turner Syndrome-monosomy>1 X chromosome) • Structural Abnormalities • (ie deletion, duplications, or inversions) • Occur when there is an error in cell division (mitosis/ meiosis) • Factors that can affect chromosomes: • Maternal Age • Environment