Sleepers and fastenings (N.R. Kale )

1. Sleepers and fastenings (N.R. Kale )

2. Main function of Sleepers • Holding rails to correct gauge and alignment. • Firm and even support to rails. • Transferring the load evenly from rails to wider area of ballast. • Elastic medium between rails and ballast. • Providing longitudinal and lateral stability.

3. Laying of Sleepers • Sleepers shall be laid square to rails on straight and radially on curve. • The sleeper spacing should be marked on outer rail in case of curved track. • Closer spacing should be provided at joint sleepers of fish plated joints and between joint sleeper and shoulder sleeper. • Rail joints should be suspended.

4. Suspended Joint

5. Standard spacing on F/plated track

6. Sleeper density • The sleeper density is the number of sleepers used per rail length. • Described as M+1, M+2, M+3 etc. Where M is the length of standard rail in meters. • In case of LWR/CWR, this is expressed in number of sleeper per Km of track. • Sleeper density depends upon max. permissible speed and traffic density.

7. Contd. …

8. Types of Sleepers • Wooden Sleepers • Cast Iron Sleepers • Steel Sleepers • Concrete Sleepers

9. Classification of wooden sleepers • Untreated Sleeper – ‘U’ • Treated Sleeper – ‘T’

10. Advantages/Disadvantages of wooden Sleepers Advantages • Easy to manufacture and handling. • Suitable for track circuited area. • Can be used with or without ballast. • Suitable for bridges, Points/Crossings. • Suitable for gaunteletted track. • Alignment can be easily corrected.

11. Contd. … Disadvantages: i) Lesser life. ii) Liable to damage by beater packing. iii) Difficult to maintain the gauge. iv) Susceptible to fire hazards.

12. Description of Wooden Sleepers Size of wooden sleepers in mm : B.G. : For ordinary track 2750x250x130 (9’x10”x5”) Durable and non durable types of sleepers. Life of Sleeper: Durable –19 years (B.G.)/ 31 years (M.G.) Non-Durable- 12 to16 years.

13. Inspection of Sleeper • Sleeper register. • Wooden sleeper more than 5 year. • Category I- Requiring renewal during the year. Painted with two white lines • Category II- Requiring reconditioning, painted with one white lines. • Test check by ADEN-50 sleeper/km

14. Adzing of wooden sleeper • End Binding of sleepers • Stacking of sleepers • Auguring of sleeper – T and U category • Fixing of screw spike • Dating

15. Number of Screw/Spike per Rail seat

18. Canted Bearing plate

19. Use of Bearing Plates • ‘T’ Category sleepers • Girder Bridges • Turn outs • Ash pits and examination pits • On sharp curve of radius less than 600 m on B.G. and M.G.

20. Cast Iron Sleepers Type of Cast Iron Sleepers: A) C. I. Pot Sleepers B) C S T- 9 Sleepers Advantages of Cast Iron Sleepers: i) Lesser corrosion. ii) Easy handling due to light weight. iii) Higher Scrap value.

21. Pot sleeper

22. CST-9 Sleeper

23. Contd. … Disadvantages of Cast Iron Sleepers: i) Not suitable for high speed route. ii) Difficult to maintain the Gauge. iii) Lesser lateral stability. iv) Not fit for track circuited area. v) Not suitable for mechanical maintenance. vi) Tie bars weakened by corrosion.

24. Usual defects in CST-9 Sleepers • Cracks at rail seats or fracture • Wear of lug and rail seat • Tie bars weakened by corrosion, broken or damaged by falling of wagon parts. • Corrosion of tie bars inside the cast iron plates.

25. ST Sleeper

26. Steel trough Sleepers Types of S.T. Sleepers i) ST sleepers with Pressed up lugs. ii) ST Sleepers with loose jaws. iii) Bolt and clip type ST Sleepers. iv) Special ST Sleepers for Turn out. v) ST Sleepers with pad plates for use with elastic rail clip.

27. ST Sleeper with pressed up lug

28. ST Sleepers with loose jaws

29. Contd. … Advantages of ST Sleepers: i) Longer life ii) Better Stability iii) Lesser damage during handling /Transport iv) Easy to maintain Gauge v) Simple Manufacturing Process vi) High Scrap value

30. Contd. … Disadvantages of ST Sleepers: i) Liable for corrosion. ii) Not fit for track circuited area. iii) Develops cracks at rail seat during service. iv) Can only be used for rails for which it is manufactured.

31. Usual defects in ST Sleepers • Rusted and corroded metal • Cracks at rail seat or near the lugs • Elongation of holes Inspection of sleepers- Over 20 years old Precautions during maintenance Reconditioning of sleeper

32. Concrete Sleepers & Fastenings Types of concrete Sleepers: i)Mono-block Prestressed Concrete Sleepers. a) PSC-12 for 52 Kg Rails b) PSC-14 for 60 Kg Rails ii) Two block reinforced concrete Sleepers.

35. Contd. … Main features of PSC-12/PSC-14 Sleepers: Length : 2750 mm Weight : 267 Kg Reinforcement : 18 number 3mm dia HTS stands Dist bet. Insert at rail seat :148mm/162 mm Service Life : 50 to 60 years.

36. Contd. … Advantages of concrete Sleepers: i) Greater stability. ii) Track geometry maintained for much. longer duration hence economical. iii) Best suited for machine maintenance. iv) Suitable for Track circuiting area.

37. Contd. … v) No chances of damage by fire/ corrosion vi) No possibility of theft. vii) No chances of gauge widening. viii) 60 Kg Sleeper can be used for 52 Kg rail. ix) Best suited for LWR track. x) Best performance on P & C, S.E.J. Guard rails , Level Crossings, Check rail in curve.

38. Contd. … Disadvantage : • Handling and laying is difficult being heavy. • Damage is very heavy in case of derailment. • No scrap value. • Not suitable for manual packing.

39. Contd. … Conditions for laying Concrete Sleepers: i) Track should be deep screened. ii) Cuttings having rocky bed should have clean ballast cushion of at least 300 mm. iii)On Arch bridges formation cover min. 1 m. iv) On other bridges ballast cushion not less than 300 mm.

40. Elastic Fastenings Grooved rubber pads: • Provided between rails and sleepers. • It absorbs the shock. • Resists lateral movement of the rail. • Prevents abrasion of the bottom surface of rail. • Laid in such a way that grooves are parallel to rail .

42. Elastic Rail clip (Pandrol Clip) Fixed in Insert to hold the rail. Made from Spring Steel bar of 20.6 mm. Toe Load 900Kg to 1100 Kg (MKIII). On Fish plated Joint ‘J’ Clip can be used. Can be driven with ordinary 4 lbs hammer. Can be fixed on wooden,Steel, and Cast Iron Sleepers with Special arrangement.

44. Contd. … Liners : i) Metal Liners – Provided on Non track circuited Areas. ii) Insulated Liners- Provided on Track circuited areas. Most commonly used is GFN Liner

45. Different types of Liners used in Track

46. Contd. …

47. THANKS