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Human Geography AP Review

Human Geography AP Review. Important Concepts and People – Part 3. Agriculture – Von Thünen. Farm/Village Structure. Metes & Bound Colonial English system Rectangular Survey Township & Range Longlot French colonial system. Economic Geography: Alfred Weber.

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Human Geography AP Review

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  1. Human Geography AP Review Important Concepts and People – Part 3

  2. Agriculture – Von Thünen

  3. Farm/Village Structure • Metes & Bound • Colonial English system • Rectangular Survey • Township & Range • Longlot • French colonial system

  4. Economic Geography: Alfred Weber • Theory on the Location of Industries, 1909 • German economist • Each manufacturing plant has to ship resources to the plant and finished goods to the market • Theoretically, there must be a point in space at which these transport costs will be minimized

  5. Harold Hotelling, 1929 • Locational Interdependence • Ice cream vendors on beach • At first at opposite sides of beach • Eventually, next to each other • Can’t understand location without looking at competitors

  6. August Lösch, 1940 • One problem with Weber’s model is it ignores the cost and availability of labor • The Spatial Margin of Profitabilitymodel looks at total costs and total revenues at a variety of locations • Result: A range of points at which profits can be maximized

  7. Walt Whitman Rostow Modernization Model: Stairway to Development 5) High Mass Consumption Shift to service sector, domestic consumption 4) Drive to Maturity Wider industrial/commercial base 3) Takeoff Development of Manufacturing Critiques: Does not account for “roadblocks” and colonial legacies 2) Preconditions for Takeoff Extractive Export Industries 1) Traditional Society Limited Technology; Static Society

  8. Piore & Sabel, 1984 Piore & Sabel The Second Industrial Divide Harrison & Bluestone Deindustrializaion Companies address problems by reducing workforce and closing factories Industrial Midwest is targeted High union activity Resistance to change • Post-Fordism • Flexible Specialization • Just-in-Time Production • Vertical Disintegration

  9. The Rustbelt

  10. The Sunbelt

  11. Ann Markusen: The Gunbelt

  12. Urban: Rank-Size Rule • Ideal urban system • Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy • 1/R x Population of Largest City • R = rank

  13. Walter Christaller (1933) • Central Place Theory • Assumptions • Featureless (isotropic) plain • Evenly distributed population/resources • Consumers have similar means/tastes • Hierarchy of goods • Rangeof a good • How far one is willing to travel • Thresholdof a good • How much population you need to support production

  14. Marketing Principle k=3

  15. Ernest Burgess, 1925 • Attempt to explain social groupings within urban areas • Location would be determined largely by distance from the center • Concentric Zone Model

  16. Homer Hoyt, 1939 • Some criticisms of Burgess model • Actual US cities have more variation • Poor along rail lines • Commercial uses along major streets • Sector Model • Wedge-shaped pattern

  17. Harris & Ullman, 1945 • Cities can have more than one center or nucleus • Suburbs are becoming parts of city • Areas grouped by function

  18. Latin American Cities • Griffin-Ford Model • Disamenity Sectors • Spine; Elite residences

  19. Harvey Molotch (1976) • City as Growth Machine • City elites concerned with growth over development • Other needs are sacrificed to growth • Growth good for elites, but not necessarily for everyone • Land values rise • Newcomers displace natives

  20. New Urbanism • Walkability • Mixed Use • Neighborhood Structure • Smart Transit • Sustainability

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