AP Human Geography

1. AP Human Geography Concepts of Development

2. What determines economic development? • Resources • Population • Colonial status • Geographic Location • Climate

3. What does development look like?

4. What does development look like?

5. What does development look like?

6. How is development measured? • Gross Domestic Product Per Capita • aka GDP per capita • value of goods and services produced within a country within a given year • Other similar measures include GNP (broader value), PPP • Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons between countries

7. High human development 25,167 Medium human development 1,237 Low human development 358 Measuring Development • Gross Domestic Product per Capita

8. Gross Domestic ProductHigh Human Development

9. Gross Domestic ProductMedium Human Development

10. Gross Domestic ProductLow Human Development

11. How is development measured? • Rates • Literacy • Infant mortality • Caloric intake • Natural increase • Inflation

12. How is development measured? • Occupational Structure of the Workforce • PRIMARY (agriculture) • SECONDARY (industry) • TERTIARY (services) • QUATERNARY • QUINARY

13. Occupational Structure • China GDP $6,200 • agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% • Australia GDP $32,000 • agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70% • Philippines GDP $5,100 • agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48%

14. Occupational Structure • Luxembourg GDP $59,143 • Agriculture 1%, industry 30%, services 69% • Singapore GDP $21,492 • agriculture 0%, industry 30%, services 70% • Equatorial Guinea GDP $5,900 • agriculture 20%, industry 60%, services 20%

15. Occupational Structure • Haiti GDP $346 • Agriculture 32%, industry 20%, services 48% • Malawi GDP $156 • agriculture 37%, industry 29%, services 34%

16. Other Measures of Development • Unemployment The number of people who (in a given year) were not working but were available for work and had taken steps to seek work. In some circumstances where employment opportunities are particularly limited in a country, the last criteria ("had taken steps to seek work") may be relaxed.

17. Other Measures of Development • Telephone Lines Number of subscriber lines (business and residential) plus public telephones per 100 inhabitants. This series is calculated by dividing the number of main lines by the population, and multiplying by 100.

18. Other Measures of Development • Undernourished The percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum requirement needed to meet dietary energy requirements on a regular basis.

19. Other Measures of Development • Television Receivers Number of television receivers and/or number of licenses issued per thousand inhabitants. • Water Resources per CapitaAverage amount of water that is available per person from rivers and groundwater each year.

20. Human Development Index • Created by the United Nations • Measures three types of factors: economic, social, and demographic • Economic factor selected GDP per capita • Social factors are literacy and amount of education • Demographic factor is life expectancy • Factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100% • 2001: Norway #1 with .944

21. GNP Map

22. Concepts of Development • Developed vs underdeveloped • Developing? • LDC vs MDC

23. Core Periphery Model • Scholars argued for this new approach • Sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes occurring in different places • Focuses on economic relationships • Core • Periphery • Semi periphery

24. Core Periphery Model • Core Regions • High levels of socioeconomic prosperity • Dominant players in global economic game • Anglo America HDI .94 • Japan and the South Pacific HDI .93 • Western Europe HDI .92 • Eastern Europe HDI .78

25. Core Periphery Model • Periphery • Poor regions • Dependent on the core • Do not have much control over their own affairs

26. Periphery Regions • Latin America HDI .78 • East Asia HDI .72 • Southeast Asia HDI .71 • Middle East HDI .66 • South Asia HDI .58 • Sub Saharan Africa HDI .47

27. Core Periphery Model • Semi Periphery • Regions that exert more power than periphery regions • Dominated to some degree by core

28. The North South Divide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Northsouth.png Based on the 1980’s Brandt Report. Suggested a simplified world contrast of development and undevelopment based on degree of industrialization and per capita wealth.

29. Models of Development • Liberal Models • All countries are capable of development • Economic disparities are a result of short term inefficiencies in local or regional market forces

30. Models of Development • Structuralist Models • Regional disparities are a structural feature of the global economy • Things have come to be organized or structured in a way and cannot be changed easily

31. Modernization Model • Walt Rostow, 1950’s • Liberal model • Development through international trade • Suggests that all countries follow a similar path through economic development • Traditional • Preconditions to takeoff • Takeoff • Drive to maturity • High mass consumption

32. Traditional • Not yet started development • High % of people engaged in subsistence agriculture • High % of wealth allocated to ‘nonproductive activities’ such as religion and military • Rigid and unchanging social structure • Resistence to technological change

33. Preconditions of Takeoff • An elite group initiates innovative economic activity • Country begins investing in new technology and infrastructure • Stimulate increase in productivity • Progressive leadership

34. Takeoff • Rapid growth facilitated by a limited number of economic activities • Some sectors of the economic structure remain dominated by traditional practices • Industrialization, urbanization, mass production

35. Drive to Maturity • Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries • Industries experience rapid growth similar to the early takeoff industries • Workers become more skilled and specialized • Modernization in the core • Population growth declines

36. High Mass Consumption • Economy shifts from production of heavy industry such as steel and energy to consumer goods like refrigerators and motor vehicles • High incomes • Widespread production of a variety of goods and services • Majority of workers in service sector of economy

37. Dependency Theory • Structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model • Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the economic development of less well off regions • Dependency helps sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and the poverty of the lesser regions

38. Dependency Theory • Little hope for economic prosperity in regions and countries that have traditionally been dominated by external power • Based on generalizations that pay little attention to regional differences in culture, politics, and society

39. Colonization of Africa

40. Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development? • Self-sufficiency • International trade • Financing development