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The Biosphere - Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature

The Biosphere - Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature. Chapter 3. Studying our Living Planet. Life on a global scale – biosphere Includes land, water, atmosphere and LIVING THINGS Extends 8 km above the land surface and 11 km below the ocean surface

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The Biosphere - Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature

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  1. The Biosphere - Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature Chapter 3

  2. Studying our Living Planet • Life on a global scale – biosphere • Includes land, water, atmosphere and LIVING THINGS • Extends 8 km above the land surface and 11 km below the ocean surface • Ecology – study of the interactions between organisms and their surroundings

  3. Studying Our Living Planet • Levels of organization • Species • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biome • biosphere

  4. Biotic – any part of the living environment Animals Plants Mushrooms bacteria Abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment Sunlight Heat Precipitation Humidity Wind Water currents Soil types Biotic and Abiotic Factors

  5. Ecological Methods • Three methods • Observation • Use of senses • Can be simple or complex • Experimentation • Can be set-up in a lab or out in a select-part of natural environment • Modeling

  6. Energy, Producers & Consumers • Energy = life function • Ultimate energy source = the sun • Some organisms use chemical energy from inorganic sources • Autotrophs – organisms that use solar or chemical energy to produce “food” • AKA – primary producers

  7. Primary Producers • Solar energy converted through photosynthesis • Converts CO2 &H2O into O2 and carbohydrates • Plants (on land) and algae (in the water) • Chemical energy converted where light is not available or conditions are harsh - chemosynthesis

  8. Consumers • Heterotrophs – get their energy from consumption • AKA – consumers • Types of consumer – based on what they eat

  9. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Food Chains and Food Webs • Everyone is linked through feeding relationships • Energy flow  one way stream from producers to consumers • Food Chain – series of steps that move energy from eating to eaten • All food chains start with a producer • Terrestrial – plants • Aquatic – either plants OR phytoplankton

  10. Examples of Food Chains

  11. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Most feeding relationships are more complicated than a simple series • Most organisms have a multi-food diet • Food Web • Network of feeding interactions • Also starts with a producer (SAME AS FOOD CHAINS) • Links multiple food chains • Effects of disturbances?

  12. Example of Food Web

  13. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids • Trophic level – each step in a food chain or food web • Biomass – total amount of living tissue in a given trophic level

  14. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids • Ecological pyramid – show relative amount of matter or energy within a given food chain or web • The rule of 10 – in general, only 10 percent of the energy available in one level is stored in the level above • Organisms use most of the energy they get on life processes … the rest is release as heat • Higher up the pyramid – organisms require more food to get the energy they need … so there are less of them!

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