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Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere

Unit A. Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere. What is the BIOSPHERE ?. Narrow zone of the planet that supports life and living organisms within it Includes: ocean to lower atmosphere Not included: earths core and upper atmosphere 3 zones Lithosphere (land) Hydrosphere (water)

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Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere

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  1. Unit A Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere

  2. What is the BIOSPHERE? • Narrow zone of the planet that supports life and living organisms within it • Includes: ocean to lower atmosphere • Not included: earths core and upper atmosphere • 3 zones • Lithosphere (land) • Hydrosphere (water) • Atmosphere (air) • Made up of living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components • Ex. Biotic = plant and animals Abiotic = geological (rocks, minerals, land) and physical elements (temperature, precipitation, light, air, gas) • Organized into levels for study • Closed system which means matter (nitrogen, oxygen etc.) is not exchanged with surroundings it has to be recycled but energy is constantly flowing

  3. Levels of Biosphere Made up of Made up of Made up of Made up of

  4. ENERGY FLOWS AND MATTER CYCLES

  5. Energy Flow in the Biosphere • Energy enters the ecosystem is passed from organism to organism and is used up or exits the system via heat • Source of earth’s energy is the sun

  6. 1% generates wind 30% reflected by clouds or surface of earth 40% heats atmosphere and earth’s surface >0.02 % is used by plants to create useable energy 25% heats and evaporates water Energy Flow in the Biosphere

  7. 30% of sun energy is reflected by clouds or the earths surface ALBEDO EFFECT • the extent at which material can reflect sunlight • The greater the ability of a material to reflect sun the higher the albedo therefore the lower the energy absorption • The lower the ability of a material to reflect sun the lower the albedo therefore the higher the energy absorption • Areas that are snow covered, cloudy, dusty or are desert or deforested areas all have a higher albedo (more reflection) therefore have lower energy absorption

  8. 0.023% of suns energy is used by living organisms PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION • The two chemical processes that occur in nature to help animals and plants turn solar energy into useable energy • Plants use PHOTOSYNTHESIS to convert energy 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy -->  6O2 + C6H12O6 • Animals use CELLULAR RESPIRATION to convert energy 6O2 + C6H12O6 -->  6H2O + 6CO2 + energy • These two processes are complementary • Because they both use 02 and C02 there should be a balance of those gases in the environment

  9. 0.023% of suns energy is used by living organisms Tracing the path energy takes from the sun to organisms living on earth • FOOD WEBS/CHAINS visually show us the step by step or interlocking “feeding” relationships between organisms • Putting organisms into classifications helps to organize the way they gain energy from the sun • Three main levels in basic food chains/webs • 1stTrophic Level = Producers = Autotrophs • 2ndTrophic Level = Primary Consumers = Heterotrophs • 3rdTrophic Level = Secondary Consumers = Heterotrophs

  10. 1st Trophic Level • Bottom of the food chain • Plants, trees, grasses, algae etc. • Autotroph • Can make own “food” (energy) • Producer • Takes direct sun energy and turns it into usable energy using the process of photosynthesis

  11. 2nd Trophic Level • Animals lower on the food chain (ie herbivores) • Moose, gopher, deer, mice etc. • Heterotroph • Does not make own “food” • Primary consumer • Eats a producers

  12. 3rd Trophic Level • Animals higher on the food chain (ie carnivores and omnivores, decomposers) • Bear, Wolf etc. • Heterotroph • Does not make own “food” • Secondary consumer • Eats producers and/or primary consumers

  13. Put labels on diagramspg 23 Food Web Can organisms fit into more than one level/category? Why?Why not? Is this a good or bad thing?

  14. Do you think the amount of energy increases or decreases as you move up the trophic levels?JUSTIFY

  15. Energy and the food chain • Energy is neither created nor destroyed therefore once it enters a system it stays and is either used up or lost as heat into the system • As you move up the trophic levels the amount of energy available goes down • Only 10% of energy from each level is passed on • The number of organisms at each level is directly controlled by the amount of energy available to each level

  16. How do humans interfere with natural energy flow • Pg 33

  17. Chemosynthetic Food Chains • Exist in ecosystems where there is little to no solar energy • Caves, deep ocean, extreme environments • A chemotroph (bacteria) replaces the autotroph in the first trophic level of the food chain • Chemotrophs use energy from a variety of other sources • Chemical energy from minerals, thermal energy from the core

  18. Food Chains Handout

  19. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS(pg 28-32) • Visuals that help represent the energy flow in a system • Three types of pyramids • Pyramid of Biomass A measure of total dry mass of all living things in the ecosystem • Pyramid of Energy A measure of energy at each level • Pyramid of Numbers A count of the number or organisms at each level

  20. Stability in an ecosystem • Ecosystem is a community of species and its physical and chemical environment • Organisms are interconnected and rely on each other What would make a stable ecosystem?

  21. Stability in an ecosystem • Stable ecosystems that small changes would not cause major disruptions or disturbances to other organisms • The greater the biodiversity the greater the stability WHY? Read “Why biodiversity is a good thing” and answer the questions

  22. Why is biodiversity a good thing? • More organisms mean more complex and developed food webs • The less vulnerable to changes in the ecosystem • Removal of a species or drastic weather changes • Domino effect (pg 9 cause and effect Sea Urchins and Whooping Cranes)

  23. Creating a Food WebAssignment

  24. ENERGY FLOWS AND MATTER CYCLES

  25. Matter Cycling in the Biosphere • The biosphere is a closed system so every living thing depends on the matter already available on earth • It is possible that a carbon atom that helped make up a T Rex 70 million years ago can be somewhere in your body • New matter is not introduced so nutrients are cycled and recycled between the environment and organisms • These cycles are called the BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

  26. Biogeochemical Cycles • Matter is mostly made up of the following elements and there is a specific cycle for each: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • These four elements make up all basic compounds used by living organisms • Carbohydrates (energy for cells) • Lipids (storage in cells) • Proteins (structure in cells) • Nucleic Acids (genetic material in cells)

  27. The Cycling of Matter in the Biosphere Worksheet and Diagrams

  28. What do you need to know about each cycle?

  29. Biogeochemical Cycles, Human Impact and Environmental ProblemsAssignment

  30. Final Task and Review for Test

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