Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

1. Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State University Fall 2013 Richard Warga Unit 20: Remaining Vocabulary

2. Elementary Greek This class (someday, Month ##, 2013) AGE Unit 20: Particles, Adverbs and Remaining Vocabulary • This Unit presents • question and answer words • particles • adverbs • defective verbs

3. Elementary Greek Unit 20: Questions and Answers Questions • ἆραThis word has no independent meaning: it simply turns a statement into a yes/no question. Do not confuse it with the conjunction ἄρα“therefore” • πότεwhen? • ποῦwhere? • πῶςhow? • πότερονwhether Answers • ναίyes • μάλισταdefinitely yes • οὐ no

4. Elementary Greek Unit 20: Particles • Most languages do not write out the delicate nuances of speech, but Greek has a tradition of recording the Greek voice with great precision (as shown by its commitment to spelling words just as speakers pronounced them). • This tradition means that written Greek often includes a number of small words that speakers used in colorful ways to convey a certain tone. These words do not necessarily have a particular vocabulary meaning, but they flavor and spice the material, often in quite revealing ways. • Such words might or might not serve a grammatical purpose, so they are not technically a part of speech. The traditional term for words used this way is “particle.”

5. Elementary Greek Unit 20: Particles • αὖ“on the other hand…” • γεintensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it • δήliterally “now!” but more generally emphatic • ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • καίτοιmarks a transition, restatement or conclusion • μέντοιpostpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies); “however” (in a transition) • μήνfollows a particle that it emphasizes • νῦν, νυνί”now” “as it is now…” • οὐκοῦνsets up an expectation to agree • πέρenclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and conjunctions

6. Elementary Greek From Unit 14: Greek Adverbs • Adverbs generally provide additional information about the verbal action. • This is a very broad category, so in practice adverbs cover nearly everything not covered in the other categories of words (verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, preposition, conjunction). • This unit covers only adverbs that are formed from adjectives. Unit 20 will cover the remaining adverbs.

7. Elementary Greek Unit 20Adverbs • ἀεί always • ἄνωup • ἄρτιnow • αὖθιςagain • αὐτίκαimmediately

8. Elementary Greek Unit 20Adverbs • εἶταthen, next • ἐκεῖthere • ἔνθαthere • ἐνταῦθα here, there • ἔπειταthen, next • ἔτιstill • εὖwell • εὐθύςimmediately

9. Elementary Greek Unit 20Adverbs • ἤδηalready • μάλαvery, very much • μάλιστα most, most of all, certainly • μᾶλλονmore, rather • οὐκέτιno longer

10. Elementary Greek Unit 20Adverbs • πάλινback, backwards • πάντοτεalways, at all times • πλέονmore, rather • πολλάκιςoften • ποτεsometime • πουsomewhere • πρίνbefore, until; formerly • τότεthen

11. Elementary Greek Unit 20Some adverbs that also function like prepositions • ἅμαtogether with (+dat.) • ἄνευwithout, except, besides (+gen.) • ἄχρι(ς)until (+gen.) • ἕνεκαbecause of (+gen.) • ἔξωoutside of (+gen.) • μεταξύbetween (+gen.) • μέχριas far as (+ gen.), until • ὁπίσωbehind, after (+gen.) • πλήνexcept (+gen.) • χωρίςseparately, without (+gen.)

12. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical • ἀεί always • ἅμα at the same time, together with • ἄνευwithout, except, besides (+gen.) • ἄνωup • ἆραparticle introducing a question • do not confuse with the conjunction ἄρα“therefore” • αὖ “on the other hand…” αὖθιςagain • αὐτίκαimmediately • γεintensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it • δήliterally “now!” but more generally emphatic

13. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical • εἶταthen, next • ἐκεῖthere • ἕνεκα because of (+gen.) • ἔνθα there • ἐνταῦθα here, there • ἔξωoutside; except • ἔπειταthen, next • ἔτιstill • εὖwell

14. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical • ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • ἤδηalready • καίτοιmarks a transition, restatement or conclusion • μάλαvery, very much • μάλιστα most, most of all, “definitely yes” • μᾶλλονmore, rather • μέντοιpostpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies); “however” (in a transition) • μεταξύbetween • μέχριas far as (+ gen.), until • μήνfollows a particle that it emphasizes

15. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical • ναίyes • νῦν, νυνί”now” “as it is now…” • ὅπουwhere • ὅπωςhow, as, so that • οὐκέτιno longer • οὐκοῦνsets up an expectation to agree

16. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical • πάλινback, backwards • πέρenclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and conjunctions • πλέονmore, rather • πλήνexcept (+gen.) • πολλάκιςoften • ποτεat some time, once; πότεwhen? • πότερονwhether • πουsomewhere; ποῦwhere? • τότεthen

17. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀμήν amen • ἄρτιnow • ἄχρι(ς)until (+gen.) • ἐκεῖthere • ἔξωoutside; except • ἔτιstill • εὐθύςimmediately • ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • ἤδηalready

18. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἰδού Look! • μᾶλλονmore, rather • ὁπίσωbehind, after (+gen.) • ὅπουwherever • οὐαί“How horrible it will be!” • οὐκέτιno longer

19. Elementary Greek Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • πάλινback, backwards • πάντοτεalways, at all times • πλήνexcept (+gen.) • ποῦwhere? • πῶςhow? • τότεthen • χωρίςseparately, without (+gen.)

20. Elementary Greek • Although advanced vocabulary lists and lexica give six principal parts for Greek verbs, you are responsible for only the first three. For most reading purposes at the beginning and intermediate levels, these three are sufficient. • Some verbs lack even these three principal parts. Such verbs are called “defective.” • The following slides list the “defective” verbs from your vocabulary lists and thus complete your vocabulary.

21. Elementary Greek • Next class (someday, Month ##, 2013) • Unit 20 Biblical reading. • Unit 20 Classical reading. • Be able to: • read the sentences aloud • parse each verb, noun and pronoun • translate the sentences into English.

22. Elementary Greek Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical • -----,βιώσομαι,ἐβίων live • δεῖit is necessary • διαφέρει it makes a difference • δοκεῖit seems (best) to (+ dat.) • εἶμι go • For conjugation of this verb, see following slides. • -----, ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask

23. Elementary Greek • εἶμι • εἶ imperative: ἴθι • εἶσι infinitive: ἰέναι • ἴμεν • ἴτε • ἴασι participle: ἰώνἰοῦσαἰόν This verb is formed from the stem ἰ-/εἰ-. As often with -μι verbs, the singular shows the long vowel sound and the plural has the short vowel sound. Although a present tense, it formally means “will go” but it has a complex relationship with the verb ἔρχομαι(see Unit 23). Building a Greek Verb The Present Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 175)

24. Elementary Greek • ᾖαorᾔειν • ᾔεισθαor ᾔεις • ᾔεινor ᾔει • ᾖμεν • ᾖτε • ᾖσανorᾔεσαν This verb is formed from the stem εἰ-. It functions as the imperfect of the verb ἔρχομαι(see Unit 23). Building a Greek Verb The Imperfect Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 166)

25. Elementary Greek Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical • ἥκω, ἥξω have arrived, be present • This verb has a perfect active stem and perfect meaning, but it conjugates just as a regular –ωverb. • κεῖμαι lie • This verb serves as the perfect passive of τίθημι in the sense of meaning to “have been put” somewhere. • οἴομαι, οἶμαι parenthetical “I think” • πάρεστιit depends on (+ dat.) • συμφέρειit is useful • χρήit is necessary

26. Elementary Greek Unit 23 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀσπάζομαι,-----,ἠσπασάμην greet • -----,ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask • κάθημαι sit • λογίζομαι,-----,ἐλογισάμην calculate • ὀφείλω owe

27. Elementary Greek Unit 24 conjunctions for complex sentences • ἵνα where; purpose: so that, in order that • μέχρι until • ὅπουwhere, wherever • ὅπωςhow; purpose: so that, in order that • πρίνbefore, until; formerly • ὥστεresult: that