The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations 1200-1500

1. The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations1200-1500 John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High

2. Happening Now • Americas • 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan • 1438-1533: Inca Empire • Europe • 1215: Magna Carta signed in England • 1337-1453: Hundred Years War • 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed • Middle East • 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate • 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople • Africa • 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca • 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

3. Rise & Rule of The Mongols • Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia • Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters • Slave labor, tribute clans • Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations • Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron • Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism • Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women • 1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader • Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh punishment for enemies • 1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran • 1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei • Established capital at Karakorum • Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors • 1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary • 1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublaideclares himself Khan • 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China • Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

5. Genghis’s Family of Khans

6. Mongol Domains, 1300

7. Mongols & Islam • Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of Baghdad • Cultures difficult to reconcile • Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia • Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon • Convert to Islam in 1295 • Golden Horde North Central Asia • Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert • Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science • Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

8. Responses in Western Eurasia • Russia • Golden Hoard rules from Sarai in south • Granted privileges to Orthodox Church • Russian language dominates • Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials • Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols • Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers • Power and population shifts north • Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar • Anatolia and Eastern Europe • Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge (Lithuania, Serbia) • Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia • 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

10. Mongols In China • Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues • Yuan successes: • Secure transportation & communication • Eurasian cultural & population exchange • Transmission of information, ideas, and skills • Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture • Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential • Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city • Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese • Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties • Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty • Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

12. Ming China • Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu • Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture • Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof) • Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing • Espouses Confucian view of imperial power • Declares war on “barbarians” • Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia • Silver replaces paper money • Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas • Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City • Reopens relations with rest of Asia • Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He) • Ming China not as innovative as Song China • Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

13. East Asia & The Mongols • Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule • Mongol threat forces centralization • Korea conquered, local traditions thrive • Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence • After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul • Renew study of Confucian classics • Breakthrough in printing technology

14. Japan and Annam • Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols • Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure • Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement • Annam • After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa • United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam