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Types of Vaccines II

Types of Vaccines II. Types of Vaccines III. The Perfect Vaccine. 100% effective Oral dosage form No adverse effects Highly immunogenic life-long immunity from a single dose no boosters required Cheap Stable at room temperature no cold chain required. DT DTaP DTaP-HepB-IPV

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Types of Vaccines II

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  1. Types of Vaccines II KLVadheim Lecture 2

  2. Types of Vaccines III KLVadheim Lecture 2

  3. The Perfect Vaccine • 100% effective • Oral dosage form • No adverse effects • Highly immunogenic • life-long immunity from a single dose • no boosters required • Cheap • Stable at room temperature • no cold chain required KLVadheim Lecture 2

  4. DT DTaP DTaP-HepB-IPV HepA-HepB Hib-HepB MM MMR MMRV Combination vaccines KLVadheim Lecture 2

  5. The Bare Minimum Immunology MedCh 401 Spring 2006 Lecture 2 KLVadheim Lecture 2

  6. Immunology • The science of differentiating self from non-self • Defense against invaders • Bacterial • Viral • Fungal • Parasitic • Particulate (e.g., slivers) KLVadheim Lecture 2

  7. Immune system characteristics • Specificity • Memory • Tolerance KLVadheim Lecture 2

  8. Blood cells • RBCs - carry oxygen • WBCs - immune cells • lymphocytes • Natural Killer cells • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) • macrophages KLVadheim Lecture 2

  9. The immune system is... • General and specific • Innate (natural) and acquired (adaptive) • Active and passive • Natural and artificial • Cell-mediated and humoral • Primary and secondary immune responses KLVadheim Lecture 2

  10. Some General Immune Responses • Fever • Malaise • Inflammation • Localized erythema KLVadheim Lecture 2

  11. Essential Concepts • Active • Produced by one’s own immune system, e.g., development and recovery from disease • More permanent (years) • Passive • Produced by other humans or animals and infused, injected, ingested or absorbed into recipient • Transient (weeks to months) KLVadheim Lecture 2

  12. Natural Host produces antibodies in response to infection Host develops protective response to live viral vaccine Artificial Host produces protective immune response to killed cells, detoxified toxins, etc. Active Immunity KLVadheim Lecture 2

  13. Natural Placental transfer of maternal antibodies (IgG) Transfer of maternal antibodies via nursing (IgA) Artificial injection of immune serum from person who has recovered from disease transfusion of hyperimmune serum from animal Passive Immunity KLVadheim Lecture 2

  14. Summary KLVadheim Lecture 2

  15. Innate immunity • Surface barriers • Skin • Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia • Mucus in respiratory and urogenital tracts • Acid pH of skin secretions • Lysozyme in tears, saliva, perspiration • Extreme acidity of stomach KLVadheim Lecture 2

  16. Innate immunity II • Normal flora • Staphylococcus aureus on skin • E. coli in gut • Candida in vaginal tract • Corynebacteria diphtheriae in laryngeal passage KLVadheim Lecture 2

  17. Innate Immunity III • Macrophages • Kupffer cells - liver • microglia - CNS • mesoangial cells - kidney • osteoclasts - bone • Natural killer cells • PMNs (and other WBCs) KLVadheim Lecture 2

  18. Innate Immunity IV • Complement system • Enzyme cascade • Not antigen-specific • Enhances phagocytosis • Stimulates inflammation, increasing capillary permeability to increase plasma and complement flow to injury • Can directly lyse cells KLVadheim Lecture 2

  19. Innate Immunity V • Dendritic cells • Langerhans cells • Interstitial dendritic cells • Interdigitating dendritic cells • Circulating dendritic cells KLVadheim Lecture 2

  20. Acquired Immunity I • Cell-mediated - these are lymphocytes • T cells • TH2 (Helper) CD4+ - activate T and B cells • TH1 (DTH) - role in allergies • TC (Cytotoxic) CD8+, aka CTLs - kill cells with foreign Ag on the surface • Memory • B cells • Plasma cells (produce antibodies) • Memory B cells KLVadheim Lecture 2

  21. Acquired immunity II • Active • Develop and recover from disease • Passive • Transplacental maternal antibodies (IgG) • Maternal antibodies in human milk (IgA) KLVadheim Lecture 2

  22. Summary KLVadheim Lecture 2

  23. Variability of the immune response • Avidity (binding affinity) • low for recent infections • high for secondary immune responses • Specificity • low for primary immune responses • high for secondary immune responses KLVadheim Lecture 2

  24. Immunoglobulins • IgA - primary antibody in secretions; half-life ~5 days • IgM - primary antibody response; half-life 5-10 days • IgG - secondary antibody response; half-life 21-24 days • IgD - found on B cell surfaces • IgE - bound to mast cells; amplifies immune response KLVadheim Lecture 2

  25. Antibody functions • Opsonization - coating Ag with Ab enhances phagocytosis • Steric hindrance - bind to surfaces of microorganisms and prevent attachment to cells • Toxin neutralization • Agglutination and precipitation - bind to surface of microbes and precipitate them; reduces number of infectious units and enhances phagocytosis KLVadheim Lecture 2

  26. Antibody functions II • Complement activation • induces inflammatory response • attracts phagocytes to site of infection • opsonizes cells with foreign antigens • lyses some bacteria and viruses • Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity - IgG enables Natural Killer cells to recognize and kill opsonized target cells KLVadheim Lecture 2

  27. Primary v. Secondary Immune Responses KLVadheim Lecture 2

  28. When good things go bad... • Allergies • Hay fever • Delayed-type hypersensitivity • Anaphylaxis • Autoimmunity • MS (CNS) • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS; a-motor neurons of spinal cord) • Primary biliary cirrhosis (liver) KLVadheim Lecture 2

  29. Anaphylaxis Antigen Antibodies types functions Antigen-presenting cells Allergen Complement WBC v. RBC T and B Memory cells Natural v. artificial responses Active v. Passive responses B, T and Plasma cells Phagocyte Terms to Know KLVadheim Lecture 2

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