Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

1. Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Only Prokaryotic organisms on earth

2. I. TYpes • Archaebacteria – (do not contain peptidoglycan in cell walls) Extremophiles • Methanogens – live in anaerobic environments, produce methane gas, found in guts of cows, sewage, and swamps. • Halophiles “ salt lovers” live in salty conditions like great salt lakes, dead sea. • Thermophiles – “ heat lovers” found in thermal ocean vents, near volcanoes. • Eubacteria“ True Bacteria” • Ex: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Syphillus, C. Botulinum

3. II. Identification • Molecular composition – DNA, RNA and Protein • Cell shapes 1. Coccus – circular shape 2. Bacillus – rod shaped 3. Spirillus – spiral shaped • Gram staining • Gram Positive – purple bluish color ( contain thicker peptidoglycan layers) 2. Gram Negative – red hot pink color • Movement • Flagella – whiplike tail allows for taxis • Pilli – stiff hairlike structures allow adherance.

5. Colony Shapes • a. cluster – staphylo, example: staphylococcus – a cluster of spherically shaped cells • b. chain – strepto, example: streptobacillus – a chain of rod-shaped cells • c. pair – diplo, example: diplococcus

6. Antibiotics target bacterial cell walls Penicillin works solely on Gram Positive bacteria due to the lack of the outer lipid membrane that is present on Gram Negative bacteria. Broad Spectrum antibiotics are used on Gram Negative and Positives that target Protein and DNA replication of bacteria.

7. Gram Positive Cocci

8. Gram Negative Cocci

9. III. Nutrition • ChemoHeterotroph– bacteria secrete enzymes that digest organic molecules which can be absorbed. • PhotoAutotrophs– bacteria use sunlight ,water and carbon dioxide to make food. Ex cyanobacteria. • PhotoHeterotrophs– make food from sunlight and take in organic compounds as a carbon source. • ChemoAutotrophs – make organic compounds using carbon dioxide using chemicals instead of sunlight. • Endotoxin- toxin released when bacterial cell dies. ( mostly gram negatives) • Exotoxin – toxin secreted by bacteria. ( human poisons that act on specific tissues)

10. IV. Respiration • Aerobic – live in the presence of oxygen • Anaerobic – live in absence of oxygen “poisoned by oxygen” • Facultative Anerobic– live in presence or absence of oxygen

11. V. Reproduction Methods • Binary Fission- asexual reproduction/bacteria can divide as fast as 20 minutes. • Conjugation – sexual form of reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information through pili. • Transformation – absorption of foreign DNA released from dead cells or environment. • Transduction – viruses transfer DNA from one bacterium to another. • Endospore – heat resistant cell that forms under harsh conditions. ( ex: E. Coli)

12. Binary Fission

13. Conjugation

14. Transformation

15. Transduction

16. VI Relationships • Symbiotic - relationships between two organisms where at least one benefits. • Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism • DECOMPOSERS, NITROGEN FIXATION • B. Beneficial • 1. Produce Vitamin K inside and coat the intestines of animals • 2. Create our “natural flora” by covering our bodies and protect us from harmful bacteria. • 3. Bioremediation - rid the earth of waste: decomposers, oil spills,waste • 4. Food Production – wines, beers, cheeses, yogurts etc… • 5. Manufacturing – make vinegar, medicines, • 6. Genetic Engineering - used in cloning and genetic engineering.

17. VII.Disease Causing

18. Controlled by • Antibiotics target cell wall and peptidoglycan layer. ( Penicillin greatest discovery of 20th century) • Boiling & Sterilization • Freezing • Detergents, & Disinfectants • Tears, Saliva, Stomach acid, Mucous, Ear Wax, Nasal Hairs , Eyelashes, eyebrows are all levels of protection and kill or keep out harmful microbes. • Food Storage, Canning, Processing, Radiation, Pasteurization.