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Understanding Viral Infections and Transmission for Better Prevention

Learn about the types of viral infections - acute, persistent, chronic, and slow infections. Discover portals of virus entry, modes of transmission, and sources of infection, including person-to-person spread and sexually transmitted infections. Explore common viral diseases like AIDS, common cold, Ebola, and hepatitis. Understand RNA and DNA viruses, their families, and genetic content for a comprehensive virology overview.

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Understanding Viral Infections and Transmission for Better Prevention

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  1. Identification of virus Prepared by: Putri Shareen Binti Rosman

  2. Types of viral infection • Acute infections -relatively short duration with rapid discovery. Most viruses that infect humans, such as those that cause routine respiratory infections (e.g., cold viruses, influenza viruses) and gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Rotaviruses, Noroviruses),skin infection(e.g.,Varicella zoster virus) cause acute infections. 

  3. Types of viral infections • Persistent infections - Viruses continually present in the body. - Late complications following acute infections. Also known as latent infection. Eg:HSV-1(fever blister),HSV-2(genital herpes). • Chronic infection - the virus can be demonstrated in the body at all times and the disease may be present or absent for an extended period of time. - Eg: hepatitis B (caused by HBV) and hepatitis C (caused by HCV). 

  4. Slow infections - are ones in which the infectious agents gradually increase in number over a very long period of time during which no significant symptoms are seen. - Eg: include AIDS (caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2) and certain lentiviruses that cause tumors in animals.

  5. Portals of entry and exit of viruses • Virus can enter into our body at many different sites and these are called portals of entry. • Respiratory Tract • Genitourinary Tract • Gastrointestinal Tract • Skin/Mucous Membrane • Transplacental (mother to fetus) • Blood

  6. Modes of Transmission • The mechanism for transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Dr.M.ElBashaar

  7. Means of TransmissionFive Main Routes • Droplet • Airborne • Common Vehicle (Food, blood) • Vector-borne • Contact • Direct Contact • Indirect Contact (Objects) Dr.M.ElBashaar

  8. Sources and modes of transmission of infection • Person-to-Person Spread • Skin-to-skin contact, clothes, (viral as HSV1) • Droplets during coughing, sneezing (common cold, flu, swine flu, smallpox,measles,SARS) • Stool-to-mouth (fecal-oral) spread, usually via dirty hands or utensils (hepatitis A,poliomyelitis) Dr.M.ElBashaar

  9. Sources and modes of transmission of infection • Sexually transmitted (gonorrhea, genital HSV2, genital warts (human papillomavirus – HPV). • Blood-to-blood contact by: • contaminated needles, usually by drug addicts or health workers (hepatitis B, C, AIDS) • blood transfusion (hepatitis B,C, AIDS, viral hemorrhagic fevers) • Vectors: rabies anthropod:mosquitoes (Malaria, Dengue,Yellow fever) Dr.M.ElBashaar

  10. Sources and modes of transmission of infection • Spread from mother to fetus during pregnancy (hepatitis B, C, HIV, HSV-1, HSV-2, rubella, varicella, bird flu). • Food poisoningis an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by microbes from contaminated food:Eg: Enterovirus Dr.M.ElBashaar

  11. Viral Diseases • Diseases caused by viruses has been known for thousand years ago. • Antibiotics are not effective in killing viruses • Certain viruses are also linked to cancer in human such as Hepatitis B (liver cancer),Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt’s Lymphoma) and Human Papilomavirus (cervical cancer).

  12. Important viral diseases • AIDS:Immune system failure • Common cold:Sinus congestion • Ebola:High fever,uncontrolled bleeding • Hepatitis A:Flu like symptom,swollen liver • Hepatitis B:Flu-like symptom,swollen liver. • Influenza (flu):Fever,chills,sneezing,body aches. • Mumps:Painful swelling of saliva glands • Polio:Fever,headachenstiff neck,paralysis • Rabies: Mental depression,madness,paralysis

  13. SARS:High fever,headche,dry cough,death. • Smallpox:Malaise,fever,blisters,blindness • Yellow fever:Fever,weakness,yelllow skin.

  14. RNA viruses (+ve sense) • Picornaviridae • Togaviridae • Flaviviridae • Retroviridae MIC208 - VIROLOGY

  15. RNA viruses (-ve sense) • Paramyxoviridae • Rhabdoviridae • Orthomyxoviridae • Filoviridae • Bunyaviridae • Reoviridae (double-stranded) MIC208 - VIROLOGY

  16. DNA viruses Double – stranded • Adenoviridae • Herpesviridae • Poxviridae • Papovaviridae • Hepadnaviridae Single – stranded • Parvoridae MIC208 - VIROLOGY

  17. Assignment 1 • Per group have 4-5 per group = 16 groups • Presentation after CNY holiday • Each group have 5 minutes for presentation • Represent 5% marks for assessment • Explain the genome content, viral morphology, modes of transmission, infection in human,treatment. MIC208 - VIROLOGY

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