for colored girls who have considered suicide/ when the rainbow is enuf…. by Ntozake Shange

1. for colored girls who have considered suicide/ when the rainbow is enuf….byNtozake Shange REMEMBERING THE GOLDEN POND AESTHETICS TREATISE BLACK THEATER: “It must be a recuperative, preservative, and transformative ritual” Shange during production “The cast is enveloping almost 6,000 people a week in the words of a young black girl growing up, her triumphs & errors, our struggle to become all that is forbidden by our environment, all that we have forgotten” “It transforms Space” Shange- “The space we used was the space I knew: Women Studies Departments, bars, cafes, & poetry centers” “It must have a continuity of sprit” Shange- “Every move we’ve made since the first showing of “for colored girls…” in California has demanded changes [to get] as close to distilled as any of us in all our art forms can make it.”

2. Ntozake Shange: Biography (1948-)(Paulette Williams or “She who walks like a lion and brings her own things.”) As a part of an upper middle class and rich intellectual family in Trenton New Jersey, she was an avid reader of great authors to include Jean Genet, Herman Melville, and Langston Hughes. She also came in contact with great musicians and singers like Dizzy Gillespie, Chuck Berry, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, and Josephine Baker, all friends of her parents. W.E.B. DuBois was also a family visitor. Returned to New Jersey at age thirteen (1961/62) where she completed high school and became increasingly aware of the inequities of the American society on black females. Began at Bernard College in 1966 at the age of 18. A year later, attempted suicide after a recent separation from her law school husband and becoming consumed with a sense of bitterness and deep alienation. She actually had made a series of attempts at suicide to include: sticking her head in an oven, drinking chemicals, slashing her wrist, taking an overdose of Valium, and driving her Volvo into the Pacific. Earned a bachelor's degree with honors in American studies from Barnard College in 1970. Earned a master's degree in American studies in 1973 from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. In 1971 decided to take an African name: Ntozake means "she who comes with her own things, and Shange means "who walks like a lion." This change occurred as a mechanism to reinforce her inner strength and to redirect her life. Taught humanities, women's studies, and Afro-American studies from 1972-1975 at Sonoma State College, Mills College, and University of California Extension. During the same period, she was dancing and reciting poetry with the Third World Collective, Raymond Sawyer's Afro-American Dance Company; West Coast Dance Works; and her own company which was then called For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide. In 1975 moved to New York which was facilitated by the production of her choreopoem, for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf . First produced Off-Broadway, by Joseph Papp, the play soon moved onto Broadway at the Booth Theatre, becoming the second play to be written by an African-American woman to “reach Broadway” and won a number of awards, including the Obie Award. This play, her most famous piece, was a twenty part poem chronicling the lives of black females in the United States. The poem was eventually made into the stage play, and was first published in book form in 1977. Shange has written a number of successful plays, including an adaptation of Bertolt Brecht'sMother Courage and Her Children (1980), which won an Obie Award.In 2003) Wrote and oversaw the production of Lavender Lizards and Lilac Landmines: Layla's Dream while serving as a visiting artist at the University of Florida, Gainesville. Contributes individual poems, essays, and short stories of hers have appeared in numerous magazines and anthologies. She now prefers to be know for her current, non-commercial work, including her bilingual work with the Latin American working people’s theater, her association with the Feminist Art Institute, and her installation art.

3. Shange’s Self-Professed Influences Before Reaching the Other Side of the Rainbow: Baraka, Brecht and the Play’s Major Themes and Symbols SELF-PROFESSED “INFLUENCES” Baldwin: Shange is influenced by Brecht. We see this in various ways. First and foremost is that the piece calls attention to itself as performance. Shange is using Epic Theater and the alienation-effect to first and foremost, as she tells us in her introduction, to convey a message, “I came to understand that these twenty-odd poems [composed] a single statement, a choreopoem [….] [O]ur struggle to become all that is forbidden by our environment, all that is forfeited by our gender, all that we have forgotten.” • Baraka?” (here Shange is paying more of a nod to the movement than the man): Shange refashions “Baraka’s” use of slashes, lower case letters, phonetic spelling and dialect and embraces the BAM idea of using the theater as a center as a weapon for consciousness raising inside the Black community. BUT THERE IS A NOTABLE DIFFERENCE HERE: WHAT IS IT? • Shange later clarified that her writing style was a means by which she could write herself (and Black woman-hood) into literature; to “attack deform n maim the language I was taught to hate myself in.” FORM, GENESIS AND PERFORMANCE- (more on Shange’s “Brechtian” Influence) Monologues vs. choreopoem (a series of poems choreographed to music). The performers of a choreopoem are, according to Shange , supposed to NARRATE the lines while dancing the poems. (BRECHT’S ALIENATION EFFECT) HOWEVER! These are not poems set to music with accompanying dance steps, but rather an integration of speech, movement, gesture, and music that together comprise the CHOREOPOEM This form, for Shange, serves as a “new space for black culture, a medium that would not be judged by the stifling conventions of European and American theater.” So whereas Baldwin turned to Brecht to articulate the absurdity of race in America, Shange refashions Brecht, making his EPIC THEATER a space to explore these same absurdities, but her theater, unlike Baldwin’s, does not look like the theater of Brecht (as does Baldwin’s). AND THIS IS HER THEATRICAL GENIUS! THE PLAY IS BOTH A BRECHTIAN PIECE THAT ASKS ITS AUDIENCE TO STEP BACK, EXAMINE, AND HEAR A MESSAGE AND IT IS ALSO (to borrow from Houston Baker) A DISTINCTLY AFRICAN-AMERICAN FORM OF EXEGETIC THEATRE. It seeks to engage the audience in a performative dialogic process where form and content are one: in other words the play is a transformative ritual. (This is not quite true owing to the ending, but we’ll get to that later” SYMBOLS • THE RAINBOW- Shange explained that she realized that the rainbow is “the possibility to start all over again with the power and beauty of ourselves,” b; “The rainbow is a fabulous symbol for me [….] If you see one color, it’s not beautiful. If you see them all, it is. A colored girl, by my definition, is a girl of many colors. But she can only see her overall beauty if she can see all the colors of herself. To do that, she has to look deep inside her. And when she looks inside herself, she will find love and beauty.” • Staging elements: costumes, movement, lighting, etc. THEMES Black Womanhood and Black women’s self-realization/ emancipation. (Racism, Sexism [The Black Macho and “down low]), Identity, Alienation and B.A.M. Feminism)

4. Dark Phrases: Ritual, Reflection, Heterogeneity, and Unity in the Rainbow (p.3-7) The stage is in darkness. Harsh music is heard as dim blue lights come up. One after another, seven women run onto the stage from each of the exits. They all freeze in postures of distress. The follow spot picks up the lady in brown. She comes to life and looks around at the other ladies. All of the others are still. She walks over to the lady in red and calls to her. The lady in red makes no response. 
LADY IN BROWN  dark phrases of womanhood of never havin been a girl/ half-notes scattered/ without rhythm [/] no tune/ distraught laughter fallin/ over a black girl's shoulder/ it's funny[/] it's hysterical/ the melody-less-ness of her dance/ don't tell nobody don't tell a soul / she's dancin on beer cans & shingles this must be the spook house/ another song with no singers/ lyrics[/] no voices/ & interrupted solos/ unseen performances are we ghouls?/ children of horror? / the joke? don't tell nobody don't tell a soul/ are we animals? have we gone crazy? i can't hear anythin / but maddening screams / & the soft strains of death / & you promised me you promised me . . . / somebody/ anybody sing a black girl's song bring her out to know herself to know you but sing her rhythms carin/ struggle/ hard times sing her song of life she's been dead so long closed in silence so long she doesn't know the sound of her own voice her infinite beauty she's half-notes scattered without rhythm/ no tune sing her sighs sing the song of her possibilities sing a righteous gospel let her be born let her be born & handled warmly. 
LADY IN BROWN  i'm outside chicago LADY IN YELLOW  i'm outside detroit 
LADY IN PURPLE  i'm outside houston LADY IN RED  i'm outside baltimore LADY IN GREEN  i'm outside san francisco LADY IN BLUE  i'm outside manhattan
LADY IN ORANGE  i'm outside st. louis LADY IN BROWN  & this is for colored girls who have considered suicide/ but moved to the ends of their own rainbows. 
EVERYONE  mama's little baby likes shortnin, shortnin/ mama's little baby likes shortnin bread • Talking Points • Describe the lack (and non lack) of the communal in this scene • How is heterogeneity being portrayed here? • What is the paradox of Shange’s symbolic rainbow? (Keep in mind that rainbows are made up of “all” colors and and allow for reflection) • Describe the multiple layers of exegetic theater at work in this scene. OR… How is Shange suggesting choreopoetics work here? Why follow a soliloquy with a children’s song? When does this become a Black play? (When does Shange say, in essence, “Let there be a Black woman’s theater” in the same way Jones said, “Let there be a Black poem.”)?

5. “sechita”(p. 23-25)Past Performances and Incarnations of Colored Girls Identities and Archetypes Soft deep music is heard, voices calling "Sechita" come from the wings and volms. The lady in purple enters from up right. LADY IN PURPLEonce there were quadroon balls/ elegance in st. louis/ laced mulattoes/ gamblin down the mississippi/ to memphis/ new orleans n okra crepes near the bayou/ where the poor white trash wd sing/ moanin/ strange/ liquid tones/ thru the swamps/ The lady in green enters from the right volm; she is Sechita and for the rest of the poem dances out Sechita's life. sechita had heard these things/ she moved as if she'd known them/ the silver n high-toned laughin/ the violins n marble floors/ sechita pushed the clingin delta dust wit painted toes/ the patch-work tent waz poka-dotted/ stale lights snatched at the shadows/ creole carnival waz playin natchez in ten minutes/ her splendid red garters/ gin-stained n itchy on her thigh/ blk-diamond stockings darned wit yellow threads/ an ol starched taffeta can-can fell abundantly orange/ from her waist round the splinterin chair/ sechita/ egyptian/ goddess of creativity/ 2nd millennium/ threw her heavy hair in a coil over her neck/ sechita/ goddess/ the recordin of history/ spread crimson oil on her cheeks/ waxed her eyebrows/ n unconsciously slugged the last hard whiskey in the glass/ the broken mirror she used to decorate her face/ made her forehead tilt backwards/ her cheeks appear sunken/ her sassy chin only large enuf/ to keep her full lower lip/ from growin into her neck/ sechita/ had learned to make allowances for the distortions/ but the heavy dust of the delta/ left a tinge of grit n darkness/ on every one of her dresses/ on her arms & her shoulders/ sechita/ waz anxious to get back to st. louis/ the dirt there didnt crawl from the earth into yr soul/ at least/ in st. louis/ the grime waz store bought second-hand/ here in natchez/ god seemed to be wipin his feet in her face/ one of the wrestlers had finally won tonite/ the mulatto/ raul/ was sposed to hold the boomin half-caste/ searin eagle/ in a bear hug/ 8 counts/ get thrown unawares/ fall out the ring/ n then do searin eagle in for good/ sechita/ cd hear redneck whoops n slappin on the back/ she gathered her sparsely sequined skirts/ tugged the waist cincher from under her greyin slips/ n made her face immobile/ she made her face like nefertiti/ approachin her own tomb/ she suddenly threw/ her leg full-force/ thru the canvas curtain/ a deceptive glass stone/ sparkled/ malignant on her ankle/ her calf waz tauntin in the brazen carnie lights/ the full moon/ sechita/ goddess/ of love/ egypt/ 2nd millennium/ performin the rites/ the conjurin of men/ conjurin the spirit/ in natchez/ the mississippi spewed a heavy fume of barely movin waters/ sechita's legs slashed furiously thru the cracker nite/ & gold pieces hittin the makeshift stage/ her thighs/ they were aimin coins tween her thighs/ sechita/ “Studying the mythology of women from Antiquity to the present day led directly to the piece “sechita” in which a dance hall girl is perceived as a deity, as slut, as innocent & knowing.” Shange (1977) “sechita/ egyptian/ goddess of creativity/ 2nd millennium / threw her heavy hair in a coil over her neck/ sechita/ goddess/ the recordin of history / spread crimson oil on her cheeks/ waxed her eyebrows/ n unconciously slugged the last hard whisky in the class” • 1) Keeping in mind the Brechtian project of Shange’s play, namely to envelop the audience in “all that has been forbidden and forfeited by our gender, all that we have forgotten,” describe how this scene performs that work. How is this more than a monologue in front of a peep show? How do Shange’s choreopoetics “flip the script” on the exploitation of women and to what ends do they do so? 2) The conflation of the word in the moment (the monologue) with the content (the play). What is Shange trying to suggest about the power that might lie (in respect to self liberation in a world conspiring against it), within feminine Archetypes? Why does the monologue shift back and forth between mentioning brutal historical realities only then to slip back into a celebration of timelessness and majesty? How might this be a suggestion to the community on how to make it through the day to day sh#t that this actor has to put up with?

6. no more love poem’s #4 (45) Culminates in the Self-and Communal- The Love of Choreopoetics:Movement/Chant/Expression/Ritual/Renewal LADY IN YELLOWi've lost it touch wit reality/ i dont know who's doin it i thot i waz but i waz so stupid i waz able to be hurt & that's not real/ not anymore/ i shd be immune/ if i'm still alive & that's what i waz discussin/ how i am still alive & my dependency on other livin beins for love i survive on intimacy & tomorrow/ that's all i've got goin & the music waz like smack & you knew abt that & still refused my dance waz not enuf/ & it waz all i had but bein alive & bein a woman & bein colored is a metaphysical dilemma/ i havent conquered yet/ do you see the point my spirit is too ancient to understand the separation of soul & gender/ my love is too delicate to have thrown back on my face The ladies in red, green, and brown enter quietly; in the background all of the ladies except the lady in yellow are frozen; the lady in yellow looks at them, walks by them, touches them; they do not move LADY IN YELLOW  my love is too delicate to have thrown back on my face The lady in yellow starts to exit into the stage right volm. Just as she gets to the volm, the lady in brown comes to life. LADY IN BROWN  my love is too beautiful to have thrown back on my face LADY IN PURPLE  my love is too sanctified to have thrown back on my face [….]EVERYONE (but started by the lady in orange) and saturday nite and saturday nite and saturday nite EVERYONE (but started by the lady in red) and complicated and complicated and complicated and complicated and complicated and complicated and complicated and complicated The dance reaches a climax and all of the ladies fall out tired, but full of life and togetherness. Talking Points: 1) Let’s first pay attention to the poem. How would you characterize the change that occurs in the voice of the voice of the persona? How would you describe the change in words as they are written on the page? Is the speaker/writer coming into clarity? Why or Why not? Locate the confusion. Does the Lady in Yellow make a step towards conquering this dilemma? What does she want you to see? Is the dilemma in question one that just is, or is it one that language, as this poem frames matters, seems to complicate or re-instantiate? 2) In this scene of the choreopoem which Shange, notably, does not give a title, we see a liberation build and culminate. It comes immediately after the sequence of “no more love poems,” all of which express a metaphysical frustration with love as it effects “colored girls.” Describe the multiple liberations that occur in this scene? When the performers do away with love poems in order to create this love poem, how are they, in a sense, mirroring Shange’s project with respect to the analogy I drew between Malcom’s speech and the Brechtian message of Shange’s play

7. a laying on of hands p. 60Completing the Transformative Ritual LADY IN RED i waz missin somethin LADY IN GREEN somethin promised LADY IN ORANGE somethin free LADY IN PURPLE a layin on of hands LADY IN BLUE i know bout/ layin on bodies/ layin outta man bringin him alla my fleshy self & some of my pleasure bein taken full eager wet like i get sometimes i waz missin somethin LADY IN PURPLE a layin on of hands LADY IN BLUE not a man LADY IN YELLOW layin on LADY IN PURPLE not my mama/ holdin me tight/ sayin i'm always gonna be her girl not a layin on of bosom & womb a layin on of hands the holiness of myself released LADY IN RED i sat up one nite walkin a boardin house screamin/ cryin/ the ghost of another woman who waz missin what i waz missin i wanted to jump up outta my bones & be done wit myself leave me alone & go on in the wind it waz too much i fell into a numbness til the only tree i cd see took me up in her branches held me in the breeze made me dawn dew that chill at daybreak the sun wrapped me up swingin rose light everywhere the sky laid over me like a million men i waz cold/ i waz burnin up/ a child & endlessly weavin garments for the moon wit my tears i found god in myself & i loved her/ i loved her fiercely All of the ladies repeat to themselves softly the lines ‘i found god in myself & i loved her.’ It soon becomes a song of joy, started bythe lady in blue. The ladies sing first to each other, then gradually to the audience. After the song peaks the ladies enter into a closed tight circle. LADY IN BROWN & this is for colored girls who have considered suicide/ but are movin to the ends of their own rainbows (THE END.) Talking Points Keep in mind that this laying on of hands is “making me [the Ladiez”] whole” because they were missing something promised and free. What were they missing? Keep Brecht’s Epic Theater in Mind. The play proclaims itself a ritual in this scene. What kind of ritual is occurring (if one is) with the laying on of hands? How does the Lady in Red’s monologue contextualize this ritual with respect to Christian cosmology and/as rapist. “I found god in myself & I loved her.” The lady in red’s statement becomes, in turn a chant. How does (or does it?) this chant transform both the statement and the speakers once it becomes a chant. Describe the multiple resonances of this transformation. Have the Ladiez merged into one universal “WOMAN” or is something much more complex going on here? Notice the Brechtian ending. The Ladiez unfold and all face the audience to deliver a message “for colored girls who have considered suicide/ but are movin to the end of their own rainbows”. If this message for that audience alone? If so, was Malcom’s only for the men on the Nation of Islam? Let’s hear it: INFLAMMATORY DISCUSSION TIME