The Human Body: An Orientation

1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology • Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. I Can Objective 1. I can distinguish between anatomy and physiology.

4. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Gross anatomy (also known as macro) • Large structures • Easily observable Figure 14.1

5. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

6. I Can Objective 2. I can distinguish between the different levels of study in anatomy.

7. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

8. Molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1

9. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2

10. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3

11. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4

12. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5

13. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6

14. Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical a. Atomic b. Molecular 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Oran 5. Organ System 6. Organism

15. I Can Objective 3. I can list the levels of structural organization from least to most complex and from most to least complex.

16. Organ System Overview A. Integumentary System 1. Anatomy - bones, cartilage & joints 2. Physiology - forms the external body covering - protects deeper tissue from injury - synthesizes Vitamin D - location of cutaneous nerve receptors & sweat/oil glands Figure 1.2a

17. Organ System Overview B. Skeletal System 1. Anatomy - bones, cartilage & joints 2. Physiology - protects & supports organs - provides a frame the muscles use to attach to & move - produces blood cells - hematopoiesis - stores minerals - calcium Figure 1.2b

18. Organ System Overview C. Muscular System 1. Anatomy - skeletal muscles 2. Physiology - allows movement - maintains posture - produces heat Figure 1.2c

19. Organ System Overview D. Nervous System 1. Anatomy - brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors 2. Physiology - fast-acting control system - responds to internal & external changes by activating muscles & glands Figure 1.2d

20. Organ System Overview E. Endocrine System 1. Anatomy - glands located throughout the body (pituitary, & thyroid) 2. Physiology - slow-acting control system - secretes hormones to regulate body processes Figure 1.2e

21. Organ System Overview F. Cardiovascular System 1. Anatomy - heart & blood vessels 2. Physiology - transports materials via blood pumped by the heart Figure 1.2f

22. Organ System Overview G. Lymphatic 1. Anatomy - lymph fluid, lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels 2. Physiology - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & return it to blood - involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

23. Organ System Overview H. Respiratory System 1. Anatomy - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, & lungs 2. Physiology - keeps blood supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

24. Organ System Overview I. Digestive System 1. Anatomy - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, & intestines 2. Physiology - breaks down & absorbs nutrients - removes indigestible wastes as feces Figure 1.2i

25. Organ System Overview J. Urinary System 1. Anatomy - kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra 2. Physiology - eliminates nitrogenous waste as urine - regulates water, electrolyte & acid-base balance in the blood Figure 1.2j

26. Organ System Overview K. Reproductive System 1. Anatomy a. female – uterine tube, uterus, ovaries & vagina b. male – prostate gland, vas deferens, testes & penis 2. Physiology - production of offspring - production of sex cells – sperm & eggs

27. Organ System Overview Figure 1.2k–l

28. I Can Objective 4. I can describe the general structures and functions of the 11 human body systems.

29. Did You Get It? (DYGI?) • Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy? • At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule? • Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

30. Necessary Life Functions • Maintain boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and absorption of nutrients

31. Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body • Produces energy (ATP) • Makes body structures • Excretion • Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

32. Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Produces future generation • Growth • Increases cell size and number of cells

33. I Can Objectives 5. I can describe the 8 necessary life functions.

34. Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions

35. Survival Needs • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Pressure • Atmospheric (exerted on surface of body by weight of air) • Must be appropriate • Hydrostatic (force applied by fluids)

36. I Can Objective 6. I can describe the 5 survival needs.

37. Characteristics of Life Activity Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Digestion Metabolism Excretion Survival Needs Water Nutrients Oxygen Heat/Body Temp Pressure

38. Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3

39. DYGI? • In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive? • Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?

40. Homeostasis • Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment • A dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance • A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

41. Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center

42. Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus

43. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4

44. Variable(in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 1a

45. Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 1b

46. Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 2

47. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 3

48. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 4

49. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 5

50. I Can Objective 7. I can describe homeostasis and its importance in maintaining a healthy body.