Coming to America

1. Coming to America American History I – Unit 2 Colonial Development to the French and Indian War R. M. Tolles

2. The Colonies Each colony was unique in it’s characteristics. However, they are grouped together based on location, reasons they were founded, and what types of industries they had. New England Colonies Rhode Island Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Middle Colonies Delaware Pennsylvania New York New Jersey Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

3. Workaday America • However, English population did not need more imports from America: trade imbalance – Americans needed to find non-English markets for their goods • Sending timber & food to French West Indies met need • 1733: Parliament passes Molasses Act to end trade with French West Indies • Americans responded by bribing and smuggling, foreshadow of revolt against government who threatened livelihood

4. New England (Northern) Colonies • Puritans wanted to create a “New England” • After the Protestant Reformation, the Puritans were Protestants who wanted to “purify” their religion from all traces of Catholicism • Pilgrims, like Puritans, were called “Separatists” who wanted to Separate from the Church of England and establish a new way of life • In 1620, Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower to begin establishing the New England colonies

5. The “Bread Basket” Middle Colonies • The Middle Colonies (between the Southern and New England colonies) was a mixture of much of what the Southern and New England colonies offered • Like the Southern, the Middle Colonies also had African slaves in their early years • Like New England, the Middle Colonies also relied on shipbuilding and lumbering • Because land in the Middle Colonies was fertile, they became known as the “Bread basket” Colonies because they produced wheat and grain

6. Southern Colonies • After the success of Jamestown in Virginia, most Southern colonies realized that farming cash crops would be a profitable way of life • The Southern Colonies set up a plantation system that would farm cash crops • The Southern population was made up mostly of small southern farmers, (Germans, Scots, Irish) and eventually developed large scale plantations reliant on slave labor

8. Rebellions and Revolts Essential Question: How did conflict shape the colonial identity in America?

9. New England Colonies: King Philip’s War • This war between natives and settlers took place in the New England Colonies • It was the most devastating war in US History based on the number of deaths in proportion to the population of combatants • Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, and other tribes banded together to try to fight off English settlers • After thousands of deaths, English settlers gained control of New England • The head of King Philip, Sachem of the Wampanoag, was displayed in public for over twenty years

10. KING PHILIP'S WAR Massasoit’s son, Metacom (King Phillip) formed Indian alliance – attacked throughout New England, especially frontier English towns were attacked and burned -unknown numbers of Indians died 1676: War ended, Metacom executed Indians

11. The Pequot Wars1636-1637

12. Pontiac's Rebellion • Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with the British. • The British exhibited little cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land. • This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. • The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766. • Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

13. Bacon’s Rebellion(1676 - 1677) Nathaniel Bacon represents former indentured servants. GovernorWilliam Berkeley of Jamestown

14. BACON'S REBELLION • Involved former indentured servants • Not accepted in Jamestown • Disenfranchised and unable to receive their land • Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements from Indian attacks

15. BACON'S REBELLION • Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for rebels • Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and erupts into a civil war. • Bacon dies, Gov. Berkeley puts down rebellion and several rebels are hung Consequence of Bacon’s RebellionPlantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

16. Slave Revolts SLAVE REVOLTS • Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. • 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864. • 91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone. • First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

17. Slave Revolts/Stono SLAVE REVOLTS Stono County Rebellion • September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers they found there. • "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents. • Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution. • Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed.

18. Slave Laws SLAVE CODES AND LAWS • Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of the slaves. • Slaves were not taught to read or write • Restricted to the plantation • Slaves could not congregate after dark • Slaves could not possess any type of firearm • A larger slave population than white in some states • Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and wanting to escape.

19. Democracy in Colonial AmericaIroquois ConfederacyHouse of BurgessesMayflower CompactTown Meetings Essential Question: How did Democracy evolve in colonial America?

20. Iroquois League • Men from each of the tribes served on a council • The oldest woman of each tribe chose the council • Each council member had one vote • All members had to agree before anything could be done • Included: Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, Mohawk, and Onondaga How is the Iroquois League Democratic?

21. BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY The English colonists who settled America brought with them three main concepts: • The need for an ordered social system, or government. • The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. • The concept of representative governmentor a government that serves the will of the people.

22. The Virginia House of Burgesses • The House of Burgesses was the first legislative assembly in the American colonies • Held their first meetings in the choir at Jamestown Church, summer of 1619 • “Burgesses” were elected representatives • Only white men who owned property were allowed to vote for Burgesses • Trivia Question: What were the three requirements to vote in early United States elections?

23. The Mayflower Compact • Before the Pilgrims landed in 1620, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact • The Mayflower Compact was a document that stated rules for the colony and how the rules would be enforced • The Compact was an early example of the practice of self-government in the colonies • The Compact established male, majority rule

24. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS • Parliament offered the monarchy to William and Mary in 1686. • This was known as the "Glorious Revolution." (Revolution because they overthrew the last Catholic monarch, Glorious because no one died.) • Had to agree to certain conditions which limited their power.

25. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS • No standing armies during peace time. • Parliament elected by the people and law making body • King cannot tax without the permission of Parliament. • Guarantees of trial by jury, fair and speedy trial, freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment. • Promoted limited, ordered & representative government. • Influenced our “Bill of Rights”

26. Colonial Commerce Essential Question: How did the Navigation Acts enforce the system of Mercantilism?

27. English Colonies Begin to Prosper • Through the 1600s and 1700s the British established more Colonies • By 1752, the English Crown was taking over more and more responsibility of the 13 Colonies to make as much profit as possible • The Navigation Acts was one way that the English government attempted to control the colonies by using a policy called mercantilism

28. Religious Freedom in the Colonies Essential Question: How did the idea of freedom of religion develop in the American colonies?

29. Religious Freedom Separatist groups (Pilgrims, Puritans) wanted to break away from the Church of England and they wanted religious freedom. We want religious freedom

30. PURITAN THEOLOGY • John Winthrop: Governor of Mass. Bay Colony • Covenant Theology:Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious experiment in New World: "We shall build a city upon a hill"(Meaning?) • His leadership helped the colony to succeed. • Religion and politics: "Massachusetts Bible Commonwealth“ • Governing open to all free adult males (2/5 of population) belonging to Puritan congregations; Percentage of eligible officeholders was more than in England. • Eventually, Puritan churches grew collectively into the Congregational Church

31. PURITAN THEOLOGY • Non-religious men and all women could not vote • Townhall meetingsemerged as a staple of democracy • Town governments allowed all male property holders and at times other residents to vote and publicly discuss issues. Majority-rule show of hands. • Provincial gov't under Governor Winthrop was not a democracy • Only Puritans -- the "visible saints" -- could be freemen; only freemen could vote • Hated democracy and distrusted non-Puritan common people.     • Congregational church was "established": Non-church members as well as believers required to pay taxes for the gov't-supported church.

32. Roger Williams • Although the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wanted to flee persecution in England, they were not tolerant of other religions in the New World either. • However, Roger Williams believed you should tolerate other people’s beliefs in God. • He left Massachusetts and started his own colony in Providence, Rhode Island that would be religiously tolerant

33. Anne Hutchinson • Like Roger Williams, other people also believed in religious tolerance • Anne Hutchinson was a woman who believed you could go directly to God so you could pray to God without going through a priest. • She moved to Providence with Roger Williams and helped start the Rhode Island Colony.

34. The Maryland Act of “Toleration” • In 1649, Catholics established the Maryland Act of Toleration • Catholics were persecuted in New England, so they moved to the Middle/Southern colonial areas • The Maryland Act of Toleration guaranteed toleration to all Christians • However, it decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ (Jews, atheists, etc.) • Critical Thinking Question: Should the Maryland Act of Toleration be considered truly religiously tolerant?

35. The Great Awakening • Began in Mass. with Jonathan Edwards (regarded as greatest American theologian) • Rejected salvation by works, affirmed need for complete dependence on grace of God (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”) • Orator George Whitefield followed, touring colonies, led revivals, countless conversions, inspired imitators Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield

36. THE GREAT AWAKENING • The Awakening's biggest significance was the way it prepared America for its War of Independence.  • In the decades before the war, revivalism taught people that they could be bold when confronting religious authority, and that when churches weren't living up to the believers' expectations, the people could break off and form new ones.        

37. THE GREAT AWAKENING • Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that religious power resided in their own hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England, or any other religious authority.  • After a generation or two passed with this kind of mindset, the Colonists came to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English monarch, but in their own will for self-governance

38. Half-Way Covenant • 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over time • Problem of declining church membership • 1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members) • Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”

39. SALEM WITCH TRIALS Causes • disapproval of Reverend Parris • land disputes between families, • Indian taught witchcraft to girls. • Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits and accuse people of bewitching (To put under one's power by magic or cast a spell over) them to not get in trouble. • 19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial. • Shows the strictness of Puritan society • Shows how a rumor can cause hysteria even to illogical thinking. • Later, many people involved admitted the trials & executions had been mistake.

40. ZENGER TRIAL • John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governor • Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libel • English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or not • Jury acquits Zenger anyway • Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political figures.

41. ZENGER TRIAL Zenger decision was a landmark case which paved the way for the eventual freedom of the press. Zenger Case, 1734-5: New York newspaper assailed corrupt local governor, charged with libel, defended by Alexander Hamilton

42. International – On to the The French and Indian War