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Session 2

Session 2. The Cultural Iceberg The Social & Individual Context of Mental Health Diversity Dilemma Activity. Cultural Iceberg *. 10% of our Culture is visible, ‘on the surface’. 90% of our Culture is out of conscious awareness’. The Cultural Iceberg *.

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Session 2

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  1. Session 2 The Cultural Iceberg The Social & Individual Context of Mental Health Diversity Dilemma Activity

  2. Cultural Iceberg* 10% of our Culture is visible, ‘on the surface’. 90% of our Culture is out of conscious awareness’.

  3. The Cultural Iceberg* 10% of our Culture is visible, ‘on the surface’. Dress, Food, Art, Music, Literature, Drama, Dance, Games 90% of our Culture is out of conscious awareness, ‘hidden below the surface’. These are acquired in our early life and become part of our ‘cultural software’. Non-Verbal com, Religious Beliefs & Rituals, Time, Emotion, Beauty, Work, Authority, Language, Paintings, Values, Literature, Childrearing, Sin, Courtship, Injustice, Problem Solving, Social Interaction, Roles, Modesty, Eating habits, Relationship to Animals & Nature, Definition of Insanity, Housing, Friendship, Theory of Disease, Cosmology, Individualism/Collectivism, Personal space, Conception of Cleanliness (Above the surface) (Below the surface) 3

  4. In some parts of the U.S., to hold up crossed fingers is to wish good luck, but to hold crossed fingers behind your back negates whatever pledge or statement you’re thinking. In Russia, this is a way of rudely rejecting or denying something. In Argentina and Spain, this sign is made to ward away bad luck. In China, it signifies the number ten. (Morris, 1994)5My grandmother in India hears voices and has hallucinations but she is accepted by the local community and they go to her for advice because she is in touch with the ‘spirits’.” 6

  5. “Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.”(Albert Einstein) • “Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same.” (George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman, 1903)1

  6. Cultural Iceberg*Scenario • Lunch is brought into your training session. There is a small selection of sandwiches, with two half of sandwiches per person. Trays are placed in the middle of the small tables where delegates are discussing and working. 6

  7. Cultural Iceberg*Scenario • What could be the reactions of various delegates? • Think about your own initial thoughts. What might you feel that will not be immediately obvious to your colleagues • Why do you feel these things? • How do these feelings and reactions relate to your upbringing and culture? • What does the experience tell you about beliefs that you hold deep down, which others might not appreciate?

  8. In 1973 the American DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) de-classified being lesbian or gay as being a ‘mental illness’. The World Health Organisation did not engage in this declassification until 1992; it still has ‘egodystonic homosexuality’ as a form of mental disorder to this day.2

  9. “Thoughtful clinicians have long been aware that diagnostic categories are simply concepts, justified only by whether they provide a useful framework for organising and explaining the complexity of clinical experience in order to derive inferences about outcome and to guide decisions about treatment. Unfortunately, once a diagnostic concept such as ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘Gulf War syndrome’ has come into general use, it tends to become reified. That is, people too easily assume that it is an entity of some kind that can be invoked to explain the patient’s symptoms and whose validity need not be questioned.” (Kendell & Jablensky, 2003)3

  10. Suman Fernando

  11. Source: http://photobucket.com/ accessed 20/05/09

  12. Session 2 The Cultural Iceberg The Social & Individual Context of Mental Health Diversity Dilemma activity

  13. References * Peter Ferns was commissioned to produce this material by the NIMHE New Ways of Working Team (with other contributers being: PremilaTrivedi, Suman Fernando & Dominic Makuvachuma Walker) 1.Shaw G.B., (2004) Man and Superman, Cambridge, Mass.: The University Press, 1903 2.Bhui, K (2001) Over representation of black people in secure psychiatric facilities, British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (6) 575 3.Kendell, R. And Jablensky, A. (2003) ‘Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnosis’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 4-12 4.Fernando, S. (2002) Mental Health, Race and Culture 2nd Ed. Palgrave (Macmillan), Basingstoke (UK) 5.Morris D. (1994), Bodytalk: The Meaning of Human Gestures. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks 6.BME service User quote – from material provided by Peter Ferns (with other contributers being: PremilaTrivedi, Suman Fernando & Dominic Makuvachuma Walker)

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