Importance and Principles Infiltration Performance Selection and Areas of Application

1. Importance and Principles Infiltration Performance Selection and Areas of Application Requirements and Design Considerations Layout and Detailing Maintenance and Monitoring Permeable Concrete Block Paving (pCBP)

2. Relieving Sewage Systems w/ Reduced Runoff

3. Method: Reducing Runoff w/ Permeable CBP • Absorption of Precipitation •  With Permeable Surface • Temporary Retention of Infiltrated Rainwater •  With Permeable Pavement Structure • Partial Infiltration of Seepage Water •  Through the Formation Level depending on the Permeability of the Soil • Restricted Recharge of the Remaining Runoff •  With Connected Drainage Facilities • Collecting the Seepage Water •  With Impermeable Membranes on the Surface of the Formation Level • Collecting the Remaining Runoff •  For further Use

4. Principle: Reducing Runoff w/ Permeable CBP Infiltration Retention Retention Infiltration Restricted Discharge

5. Reducing Runoff as a Component of SUDS

6. Research: Permeability Reduction by Clogging

7. Results: Long-term Performance (Aging)

8. Conclusions: Reduced Runoff Coefficient

9. Determination of Possible Areas of application according to Traffic Load and Protection of Soil and Groundwater Judging the Soil according to Load Bearing Capacity and Permeability Designing the Road Construction according to Load Bearing Capacity and Permeability Selecting the Materials according to Load Bearing Capacity and Permeability Selecting the Permeable Paving Blocks according to Aesthetics and Infiltration Performance Choosing and Designing the Connected Drainage Facility Determination of Suitable Methods for Monitoring the Infiltration Performance Determination of Suitable Methods to Maintain the Infiltration Performance Preconditions • General Requirements: • No Affection of Soil and Ground Water • Permanent Road Operation (Damage-free Construction) • Permanent Infiltration (Proper Reduction of Runoff) • Proper and Regular Drained Surface (Safe Road)

10. Areas of Application

11. Areas of Application

12. Areas of Application

13. Determination of Construction and Thickness according to: Frost Susceptibility of the Soil (→ Permeability) Local Climate Conditions Structural Performance of Aggregates and Base Courses Design Traffic Load Performance Criteria: Criteria: Complete and Permanent Infiltration of a Standard Rainfall Measure Required Rainfall Measure (i.e. In the UK):  BRE Digest 365 (Soakaway design): M5-10 = 180 l/(sha) eq. 1,08 mm/min  Required permeability of the soil: kukf/2 = 3.610-5 m/s Design Methods

14. Criteria: Sufficient Permeability to Absorb the Standard Rainfall Measure Required Permeability according to Aging: 3.610-4 m/s According to Percentage of Openings: Performance Criteria Mineral Aggregates: Openings/Bedding: Crushed Gravel 1/3 to 2/5 mm Base course: Modified Type 3 Material (Fines < 3 M.-%)

15. Pavement Design with Permeable CBP Base Course Thickness: Depending on Soil Permeability Materials: Permeability according to Design-Rainfall Permeable Paving: Depending on Traffic Load

16. Pavement Design with Permeable CBP

17. Suitability tests of the materials Suitability tests of the soil On-site acceptance tests Monitoring • Type of Testing: • Lab Tests • Open-End-Test • Infiltration Test

18. Monitoring: Testing the Subgrade

19. Monitoring: Testing the Base Course

20. Monitoring: Testing the Surface

21. Monitoring: Testing the Surface

22. Control of Pavement Condition and Function  Assessment of Structural and Drainage Performance Control of Joints and Joint Filling Completely Filled Joints Guarantee Horizontal Load Transmission! Road Cleaning Mechanical Cleaning only 3 Months after Completion! Periodical Cleaning Afterwards can not Replace an Additional Drainage! In Practice Maintenance is Expensive! Maintenance

23. The Overall Costs of Permeable Road Constructions are related to Conventional Road Constructions: Regularly the Same with Good Soil Conditions A little Higher with Bad Soil Conditions Detailed Costs in Comparison to Conventional Road Constructions: Permeable Paving Blocks: Higher Base Courses:Same with Good Soil Conditions Higher with Bad Soil Conditions Drainage Facilities: Lower Costs

24. Failures, Defects, Damages Origin and Types of Overstress of the Pavement: • Premature Exhaustion • Sudden Local Collapse • Long-ranging Permanent Deformation

25. Failures, Defects and Damages

26. Failures, Defects and Damages

27. Failures, Defects and Damages

28. Failures, Defects and Damages

29. Failures, Defects and Damages

30. Failures, Defects and Damages

31. Failures, Defects and Damages

32. Failures, Defects and Damages

33. Failures, Defects and Damages

34. Quality Assessment • Purpose: Prevention of Constructional Damages • Method: Quality Improvement w/ Continuous Job-site Monitoring • Goal: • Document the technical and legal precise state of the art. • Raise the standard of specification balanced for all parties. • Improve the technical qualification of designers, specifiers, contractors and manufacturers. • Continuously review the job-site construction work.

35. Quality Assessment – Rectification Costs

36. Quality Assessment – Methods • Documentation of the whole Sequence of Construction by • Elaboration of Daily Work Step Checklists • (Contractor with Expert) • Supervision of Documents by Integrity, Plausibility, Conformity • (Inspector of the Contractor) • Monitoring of Documents and Work Progress • (External Expert)

37. Quality Assessment • Checklists include i.e.: • Incoming Controls of Building Materials • Controls of Installation • Controls of Pavement

38. Quality Assessment – Methods Accompanying Control Tests for Internal Controls, i.e. • Compaction • Difference in Elevation • Difference in Evenness • Joint Widths