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THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT: FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY. Search for rationality in architecture ( Perrault , Laugier ) Enlightenment Moderns Search for meaning in architecture ( Boulee , Ledoux ) Ancients ( Blondel ). HOW IS ARCHITECTURE CHANGED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?.
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THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT: FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY
Searchforrationality in architecture (Perrault, Laugier) Enlightenment Moderns Searchformeaning in architecture (Boulee, Ledoux) Ancients (Blondel)
ARCHITECTURAL RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONTraditional materials were worked in a less profitable way and less easily distributedNew materials (cast iron, glass, concrete) offered new possibilitiesBuilding sites used better equipment and machineryNew specialized schools provided larger numbers of specially trained professionalsPrinting and new methods of graphic reproduction made new contributions readily available
Iron Bridge, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard and Abraham Darby II, 1775 This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal« to produce superior quality iron. 26 meters.
Pont des Arts, Louis-Alexandre Cessart, 1803 First metal bridge in Paris. 155 m.
Menai Bridge, Thomas Telford, 1826 The first suspension bridge. 176 m.
John Augustus Roebling, “Brooklyn Bridge,” New York, USA, 1870-1883. 486m
Lewis Cubitt (civil engineer), “King’s Cross Train Station,”London, ENGLAND, 1851
George Gilbert Scott, St. Pancras Train Station (front), London, UK, 1873
William Henry Barlow, “St. Pancras Train Station” (back), London, UK, 1868renovated by Norman Foster & Partners in 2007
William Henry Barlow, “St. Pancras Train Station” (back), London, UK, 1868renovated by Norman Foster & Partners in 2007
François Hennebique, Monolithic [Steel] Reinforced Concrete Joint, 1892 This system used the continuity of concrete structures very successfully. The steel reinforcement follows the maximum bending moments from the bottom of the beam mid-span to the top of the beam over the supports.The column is rigidly connected to the beams and slab, so no bracing is necessary.
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc(1814-79) Rational Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to the 16th Century, 1854
Viollet Le Duc,“Ideal Gothic Church,” 1854 Viollet Le Duc,Narbonne Gate reconstruction, 1846
Viollet Le Duc,“Design for a Concert Hall to Seat 3,000 People,” 1865Expressing Gothic principles in modern materials:brick, stone and cast iron.
WORLD EXHIBITIONS 1851: London, UK 1897: Brussels, BELGIUM1855: Paris, FRANCE 1900: Paris, FRANCE1862: London, UK 1901: Buffalo, USA1867: Paris, FRANCE 1904: St. Louis, USA1873: Vienna, AUSTRIA 1905: Liège, BELGIUM1876: Philadelphia, USA 1906: Milan, ITALY1878: Paris, FRANCE 1907: Dublin, IRELAND1879: Sydney, AUSTRALIA 1909: Seattle, USA1884: New Orleans, USA 1910: Brussels, BELGIUM1888: Barcelona, SPAIN 1911: Turin, ITALY1889: Paris, FRANCE 1913: Ghent, BELGIUM1893: Chicago, USA 1915: San Francisco, USA
THE CRYSTAL PALACECompetition requirements:Temporary (capable of rapid construction and dismantling)Economical use of materials and laborSimple in arrangementIlluminated entirely from the roofBuilt of fire resistant materialsSingle-storey.Paxton's Innovations:The first large, free-standing cast-iron frame buildingThe first building with glass “curtain” wallsThe first building to use a system of bracing to counteract lateral forces of the windThe first large building to be made from pre-fabricated modular units
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,” London, UK, 1851
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKopening ceremonies with Queen Victoria
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKinterior views
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKinterior views
Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKexhibited objects: machines, textiles, furniture, musical instruments, traditional crafts, etc.
Caricature of Gustave Eiffel in the form ofthe Eiffel Tower by Edward Linley Sambourne(Punch Magazine, vol. 96, p. 32, June 29, 1889). Gustave Eiffel,Tower for the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition (“The Eiffel Tower”)
“The Hall of Machines” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889
“The Hall of Machines”at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889
“The Hall of Machines” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889
“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889
“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889
Dancers from Java “The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889 A theater group from Vietnam
Dancers and Musicians from the Egyptian Coffee House “The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889
The Algerian Exhibit The Senegal Exhibit “The Exotic Exhibition” at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889
The two faces of the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889
At the end of this lecture you are expected to have learnt: 1. The general scope of the Industrial Revolution 2. Changes in architecture in the age of Industrial revolution a. Architectural theory (structural rationalism) b. Architectural practice i. New building types ii. The tension between structure and «style» iii. Colonial encounters
WHAT ARE THE KEYWORDS TO DESCRIBE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?