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Sound Waves

Sound Waves. How We Hear Properties of Sound Using Sound. Bellwork: . What types of instruments are played in a school band? How many instruments of each can you name? Brass, Woodwinds, Percussion

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Sound Waves

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  1. Sound Waves How We Hear Properties of Sound Using Sound

  2. Bellwork: • What types of instruments are played in a school band? How many instruments of each can you name? • Brass, Woodwinds, Percussion • Trumpet, French horn, trombone, baritone, tuba, cornet, saxophone, flute, piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, percussion, cymbals • What types of instruments are played in an orchestra? How many of these instruments can you name? • Stringed Instruments • Violin, viola, cello, bass

  3. Music vs. Noise • Music • specific pitches and sound quality • regular pattern • tones combined in ways that are pleasing to the ear • Noise • no definite pitch • no set pattern

  4. Objectives • I will participate in a lab where I can find out how musical instruments work to create sound.

  5. Bellwork: 10/16/08 • What happened to the pitch of the straw when you cut pieces off of the bottom? • The pitch changed as the length changed. • What has a higher pitch, and how do you know? • The shorter straw has a higher pitch, because there is less air vibrating inside of it • What sound did the larger drums make? The smaller drums? • A large drum or a small drum? • The smaller drum because there is less drumhead and less air to vibrate

  6. Objectives • I will participate in a lab where I can find out how musical instruments work to create sound. • Homework: NONE!

  7. Instrument Presentation • Maracas • High-Pitch vs. Low-Pitch Instrument Presentation • http://www.ehow.com/videos-on_2572_play-maracas.html

  8. The key farthest to the left on a piano is attached to the longest string. This key plays the note with the lowest pitch.

  9. Musical Instruments • Types of instruments: • Strings • Brass • Woodwinds • Percussion • Three ways to make sound • Vibrate a string • Vibrate an air column • Vibrate a membrane

  10. Brass Instruments • Sound is caused from a vibrating air column within the instrument’s body • Vibrating lips allow sound waves to pass through the mouthpiece into the instrument • Ex: trumpet, French horn, tuba, cornet, baritone • Changing Pitch (Frequency) in Brass • Blow harder to make the air resonate at higher natural frequencies • Pressing valves that change the length of the tube • Changing Volume (Amplitude) • Blowing into mouthpiece with more/less force

  11. Woodwind Instruments • Sound caused by a vibrating reed and vibrating air column • Mouthpieces contain 1 or 2 reeds that vibrate the air column when the musician blows into the mouthpiece • Ex: oboe, clarinet, saxophone, flute, piccolo (both involve the player blowing across a narrow opening to make the air column vibrate) • Changing Pitch (Frequency) in Woodwinds • Musician changes the length of the resonating column of air • Close and open finger holes along the length of instrument • Changing Volume (Amplitude) • Blowing harder/softer into the mouthpiece

  12. Percussion Instruments • Instruments are struck to make a sound, vibrating membrane • Drums and Other Percussion Instruments • Tightening the drumhead increases the natural frequency of the drum resulting in higher pitch sounds • Striking the top surface causes it to vibrate; the vibrating drumhead is attached to a chamber that resonates and amplifies the sound • Steel drums play different pitches depending on where you hit them at, and do not need a chamber to resonate and amplify the sounds • Some have fixed pitch • Xylophones have wooden or metal bars of different lengths • The longer the bar, the lower the sound • The shorter the bar, the higher the sound

  13. Strings Instruments • Strings, like vocal cords, vibrate back and forth as air is forced past them, which creates a series of compressions and rarefactions in the air; vibrating strings • Amplifying Vibrations • Sound produced by a vibrating string is soft, to amplify the sound, instruments have a hollow chamber, or a resonator • Resonator contains air and absorbs energy from the vibrating string and vibrates at its natural frequencies

  14. FREQUENCY AND PITCH • After reading this section you will be able to do the following: • Explain how you can change pitch by altering sources. • Describe what resonance is. • http://www.learnanytime.co.uk/Science/Sound%20(1).htm • DEMO: • http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Sound/frequencypitch.htm • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/9_10/changing_sounds_fs.shtml • http://www.catie.org.uk/GS_pitch_page.html • http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/science_up_close/521/deploy/interface.html

  15. Sound Review • What type of wave is sound? • longitudinal • What are the three bones in the middle ear? • hammer, anvil & stirrup • What are three factors that affect the speed of sound? • elasticity, density & temperature • Is sound faster in warmer or cooler temperatures? • warmer

  16. Sound Review • Is sound faster in elastic material or material that is not elastic? • elastic • Is sound faster in less dense or more dense medium? • less dense • What does the stirrup shake in the middle ear? • cochlea • What does sonar stand for? • sound navigating and ranging

  17. Sound Review • How do bats navigate? • echolocation • What effect describes an increasing pitch as a loud noise is approaching and decreasing pitch as a loud noise is moving away? • Doppler Effect • What is the property of sound that is described as the amount of energy that passes by a point each second? • intensity • How high or low sound appears to be is known as ___________. • pitch

  18. Sound Review • The loudness of sound is measured in • decibels • What are sound waves with frequencies below the human range of hearing is known as? • infrasound • What are sound waves with frequencies above the human range of hearing is known as? • ultrasound

  19. Sound Review • When the frequency of an object and the natural frequency are the same, it is known as _______________. • resonance • What group of instrument vibrates the lips to produce sound? • brass • What group of instruments vibrates a reed to produce sound? • woodwind

  20. Sound Review • What group of instruments produces sound by rubbing, plucking or striking a string? • string • What group of instruments produces sound by being struck? • percussions • Sound with no identifiable pitch and unpleasing to the ear is known as _______________. • noise • Sound pleasing to the ear with an identifiable pitch is known as _______________. • music

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