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Hydroquinone

Hydroquinone. Presented by Ayanna Nash. Introduction.

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Hydroquinone

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  1. Hydroquinone Presented by Ayanna Nash

  2. Introduction • Hydroquinoneis a white crystalline compound used as an antioxidant, a stabilizer, and a reagent. As a reducing agent its used as an inhibitor in resin monomers to prevent polymerization during storage. It is the reduced form of quinone. • It is a strongly reducing phenol C6H6O2 used especially as a photographic developer and in medicine to remove pigmentation from hyperpigmented areas of skin.

  3. Drug Design • Hydroquinone is also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol • It is an aromatic organic compound • Chemical formula C6H4(OH)2 • Features two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in the para position.

  4. Natural Occurrences • Hydroquinoneshave a primary reagent in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide , which collects in a reservoir. • The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve. • Catalasesand peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the hydroquinones into p-quinones. • Produces a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.

  5. Produced Industrially • The most widely used route involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. • A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol. • Hydroquinone and Catechol: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O • The third method, practiced only in China.

  6. Uses • Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin. • It is a major component in mostblack-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films, and paper. • As a polymerization inhibitor. • Used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.

  7. Dosage/How it works • Hydroquinone is available in a 2% and 4% cream for topical application. • Hydroquinone is a strong inhibitor of melanin production. • Hydroquinone works by decreasing the production and increasing the breakdown of melanosomes (melanin pigment granules) in the skin's pigment cells (melanocytes).

  8. Application • Before you use a hydroquinone product apply a small amount of the product to a dark skin patch, preferably in an inconspicuous area. • Apply hydroquinone once in the morning and once at night after washing their skin with a mild, non-medicated cleanser and patting dry. • Apply just enough hydroquinone cream to cover hyperpigmented areas of your skin only. • It is always important to wear sunblock during the day, however it is crucial to do so when you’re using hydroquinone products. • If you experience signs of any side effects discontinue use and talk to your doctor about an alternative skin lightening treatment.

  9. Application • In most cases, lightening of skin should be seen after 4 weeks of treatment. • To increase the effectiveness of hydroquinone you should stay out of the sun, or wear protective clothing and use a SPF30+ sunscreen when outdoors. • It is important to use hydroquinone regularly as directed until you achieve the desired bleaching, after which use only as needed to maintain results.

  10. Side Effects • Mild burning, stinging, redness, dryness • Itching • Blistering • Swelling • A gradual blue-black darkening of the skin (ochronosis) • Immediate medical attention is needed if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: • Rash • Itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), • Severe dizziness, trouble breathing • Uncontrolled vomiting • Twitching muscles • Migraine headaches • Discolored urine – greenish brown color • Tremors • Hallucinations • Convulsions • Ringing in the ears • Nausea • Can cause decreased liver function, adrenal gland function, and kidney function.

  11. Dangers • Hydroquinone has recently been banned from various countries after studies have proven links to hydroquinone and cancer. • Long-term and sometimes even short-term use of hydroquinone has been shown to cause ochronosis in some individuals. • Health conditions associated with mercury poisoning.

  12. Conclusion • Overall using hydroquinone as lightening agent can be effective with proper use. • You can maximize the effectiveness of hydroquinone by staying out of the sun, wearing protective clothing or using a broad spectrum UVA/UVB SPF 30 or higher sunscreen when outdoors.

  13. References http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hydroqui.html http://dermnetnz.org/treatments/hydroquinone.html http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-87530-Hydroquinone+Skin+Bleaching+Top.aspx?drugid=87530&drugname=Hydroquinone+Skin+Bleaching+Top http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hydroqui.html http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/8/1485.full.pdf http://www.springerlink.com/content/m05312r33153351x/?MUD=MP http://www.organicbeautyvixen.com/2010/11/breaking-down-ingredients-beware-of-hydroquinone/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_beetle

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