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To learn how uncertainty in a measurement arises

Objectives. To learn how uncertainty in a measurement arises To learn to indicate a measurement’s uncertainty by using significant figures To learn to determine the number of significant figures in a calculated result. A. Uncertainty in Measurement.

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To learn how uncertainty in a measurement arises

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  1. Objectives • To learn how uncertainty in a measurement arises • To learn to indicate a measurement’s uncertainty by using significant figures • To learn to determine the number of significant figures in a calculated result

  2. A. Uncertainty in Measurement • A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty.

  3. A. Uncertainty in Measurement • Different people estimate differently. • Record all certain numbers and one estimated number.

  4. A. Uncertainty in Measurement • A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty.

  5. B. Significant Figures • Numbers recorded in a measurement. • All the certain numbers, plus first estimated number • 2.85 cm has 3 significant figures

  6. B. Significant Figures Rules for Counting Significant Figures • Nonzero integers always count as significant figures. • Example: • 4 significant figures • 39.2 3 sig figs • 2315.78 sig figs?

  7. B. Significant Figures Rules for Counting Significant Figures • Zeros • Leading zeros -never count0.0025 2 significant figures • Trapped zeros -always count 1.008 4 significant figures • Trailing zeros - count only if the number is written with a decimal point100 1 significant figure 100. 3 significant figures 120.0 4 significant figures

  8. B. Significant Figures Rules for Counting Significant Figures • Exact numbers -unlimited significant figures • Not obtained by measurement therefore no estimation • Determined by counting3 apples • Determined by definition1 in. = 2.54 cm

  9. Significant Figures Rules for Multiplication and Division • The number of significant figures in the result is the same as in the measurement with the smallest number of significant figures.

  10. B. Significant Figures Rules for Addition and Subtraction • The number of significant figures in the result is the same as in the measurement with the smallest number of decimal places.

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