80 likes | 292 Views
Relay Running Ghana Mali Mansa Musa Timbuktu Songhai Askia Muhammad. Key Terms – MesoAmerican Cultures/West African Kingdoms. Olmecs Mayas Raised Field Farming Aztecs Tenochtitlan Chinampas Incas Cuzco Terrace Farming. Built three major centers.
E N D
Relay Running Ghana Mali Mansa Musa Timbuktu Songhai Askia Muhammad Key Terms – MesoAmerican Cultures/West African Kingdoms • Olmecs • Mayas • Raised Field Farming • Aztecs • Tenochtitlan • Chinampas • Incas • Cuzco • Terrace Farming
Built three major centers. Declined slowly from 900 B.C. forward. Contributed: A writing system Used mirrors for art and fire Massive sculptures Heavy reliance on religion in state rule Olmecs • Flourished from 1200 – 400 B.C. • Located on the Eastern edges of Mexico near Veracruz • Lived near marshy areas, adapted similar to Mesopotamians • Society was rigidly structured with priest-kings ruling a ruling elite of warriors, administrators and engineers, and a lower class of farmers and artisans
Were known to have traded with other cultures. Built massive religions and political centers in Tikal and Copan; massive flat-top pyramids signaled the major cities. Declined with civil war and then the slow conquest by the Spaniards in the 1500's. Contributed: Concept of zero 365 day calendar Massive pyramid temples Mayas • Lasted from roughly 600 B.C. - 1500 A.D. • Began in Guatemala but later moved to Belize, Honduras and the Yucatan. • Had an animistic religious system similar to that of the Olmecs. • Used raised field farming to provide areas for drainage from the massive rains that swept through the region
Society was broken into four classes; nobles, commoners, serfs and slaves. Emperor held complete control of the empire. Created floating islands used for farming known as chinampas. The arrival of the Cortes' in Mexico led to the conquest of the Aztecs. Contributions: Chinampas Massive city structures, bridge and causeway building. Aztecs • Flourished from 1200 – 1522 • Located in Southern Mexico centered around Tenochtitlan, their capital city. • Established tributary states throughout Mexico • Were also animistic but had chief gods including Quezalcoatl. • Believed in human sacrifice to please their gods, hence they engaged in many wars to acquire sacrifices.
Created a capital city known as Cuzco. Used terrace farming → areas cut out of sections of mountains and kept in place by stone frames. Contributions: Road and bridge building Record keeping through quipus Terracing Medicinal advances such as quinine Incas • Flourished from roughly 1200 – 1572. • Located in Western South America, mostly Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. • Society was broken down to the smallest units to ensure complete control • Used relay runners to send messages between areas. • Constructed roads to connect all of the major areas.
Would construct the capital city of Kumbi-Saleh. Would be slowly conquered by the Almoravids and ultimately Mali. The establishment of this empire proved that control of the gold and salt trade routes in Africa provided large amounts of wealth for the conquering group. Ghana • Flourished from 300-1076. • Would not gain the riches of the territory until the 10th Century with the conquest of Audagost. • Traded with the Muslims extensively. • Were extremely rich in gold and would use it to trade for salt with the Muslims
Constructed a learning center and capital known as Timbuktu. Mali would decline with the death of Mansa Musa in 1337 and would be replaced by the Songhai kingdom. Mali • Flourished from 1235-1460's • Conquered the Ghanian territories under the rule of Sundiata and merged them with the territories of Mali in the North. • Became the richest African kingdom • Would gain great notoriety under Mansa Musa • Converted to Islam • Made a pilgrimage to Mecca • Brought back many scholars, artists and engineers
Created another center of learning in Jenne to accompany Timbuktu. Territories would be conquered by the sultan of Morocco in 1591. Songhai • Flourished from the mid 1300's to 1591. • Territories were brought together under the rule of Sunni Ali who captured Timbuktu. • Askia Muhammad would create a legal system based on Sharia law (laws based on the Quran)