The Six Kingdoms

1. The Six Kingdoms Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks!

2. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used 6 Kingdoms

3. No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Most 1 -10μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms Has nucleus Many organelles Many 2-1,000μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms Cell TypesProkaryotesEukaryotes

4. Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs • Autotrophs: 1.)photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and 2.)chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food. All autotrophs make their own food! • Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes • Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

5. Prokaryotic cells Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

6. Bacteria Shapes Coccus(sphericalshaped) Bacillus (rodshaped) Singular Plural Coccus cocci Bacillus bacilli Spirillum spirilla Singular Plural Coccus cocci Bacillus bacilli Spirillum spirilla Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)

7. methanic Kingdom Archaebacteria halophile halophile methanic sulfurous halophile

8. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth and gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient bacteria”) • Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism • Body Forms: unicellular • Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs • Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanicvents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic) • Reproduction: asexual • Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species

9. Examples of Archaebacteria • Halophiles (Salt lovers) • Acidophiles (love acidic environments) • Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur environments) • Methanic bacteria (high methane environments) • Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)

10. Kingdom Eubacteria

11. Kingdom Eubacteria

12. Kingdom Eubacteria • Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria” • Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane • Body Forms: unicellular • Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and heterotrophs • Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms • Reproduction: asexual • Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause disease; some make vitamins; used for food and drugs

13. Examples of Eubacteria • Strep (Streptococcus aureus) • Cyanobacteria • Salmonella • Clostridium botulinum • E. coli

14. Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algaecyanobacteria 2.6 billion years old 3.2 billion years old Algal mats preserved in rock Modern day

15. Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

16. Kingdom Protistafrom microscopic to 150 feet large(the “catch-all kingdom”)

17. Diversity in Kingdom Protista

18. Kingdom Protista • Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom) • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts • Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial • Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis • Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment • Reproduction: asexual or sexual • Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes

19. Examples of Protists • Euglena • Paramecium • Amoeba • Diatoms • Slime mold • Algae • Kelp • Red Tide

20. Kingdom Fungi

21. Kingdom Fungi • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but nochloroplasts; cell wall of chitin • Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly decomposers • Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on organisms • Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely) • Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free oxygen into the atmosphere

22. Examples of Fungi • Bread molds • Mushrooms • Yeast • Mildews • Truffles • Penicillium

23. Kingdom Plantae

24. Kingdom Plantae • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures) • Body Forms: multicellular • Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs • Niche: on land (terrestrial) • Reproduction: sexual • Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, medicine

25. Examples of Plants • Trees • Flowers • Ferns • Mosses • Grasses

26. Kingdom Animalia

27. Kingdom Animalia • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs • Body Forms: multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic • Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and air • Reproduction: sexual and asexual • Neat Facts: used for food, clothing

28. Examples of Animals • Snails • Sponges • Fish • Turtles • Snakes • Mammals • Birds • Worms • Insects

29. Homework • Use your notes to complete the chart entitled “Major Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms”

30. Major Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms PHYLUM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE (prokaryote or eukaryote) Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotes); “ancient bacteria” Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotic cell organelles); “true bacteria” Eukaryotes (catch-all kingdom) Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes CELL STRUCTURE (description of various organelles) Have cell walls, lack cell nuclei, and membrane-bound organelles Cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all have at least one inner cell membrane Have a nucleus, mitochondria, some have chloroplasts Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; Has cell wall of chitin Have a nucleus, mitochrondria, chloroplasts, cell walls of cellulose; tissue differentiation Have a nucleus, mitochondria, no chloroplasts, no cell wall; advanced tissue/ organ differentiation BODY FORMS (unicellular or multicellular) Unicellular Unicellular Mostly unicellular, some multi-cellular; colonial Some unicellular, most multicellular Multicellular Multicellular NUTRITION (autotophic or heterotrophic) Autotrophic or heterotrophic Photosynthetic and chemical Autotrophs,and heterotrophs Autotrophic or heterotrophic; Heterotrophic (absorption);mostlydecomposers Photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs Heterotrophic NICHE (where they live) extreme environ-ments, no oxygen, volcanic vents, hot springs, brine pools Common environments; Live in and on organisms Freshwater, seawater, in and on organisms Most are terrestrial, live on organisms terrestrial Anywhere – land, freshwater, oceans, air REPRODUCTION (asexual or sexual) Asexual Asexual Both Both Sexual Sexual NEAT FACTS Fewer than 100 species Many cause disease; some make vitamins; used for food/drugs Autotrophic protests produce 1/3 of O2 in atmosphere Some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free O2 into air Provide O2; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, meds Food; clothing EXAMPLES Methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria; anaerobic bacteria; acidophile bacteria Strep, anthrax, cyanobacteria, salmonella, gonorrhea, E.coli Algae, kelp, slime molds, red tides, amoeba, paramecium Bread molds, mushrooms, yeast, mildews, truffles, penicillin Trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, grasses, vascular & non-vascular plants Snails, turtles, fish, mammals, birds, insects, spiders, snakes, worms