SOUTHERN REGION FAASTeam/Area 1

1. SOUTHERN REGIONFAASTeam/Area 1 Approach and Landing Accidents Clearwater Florida CFI’s & Pilots

2. Approach and Landing Accidents • Over half of all accidents occur during these phases. • The leading accident factor for takeoffs and landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents). • Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.

3. Approach and Landing Accidents

4. Percent of Accidents by Phase of Flight 17% 54%

5. Approach and Landing Accidents • Major Factors To Consider • Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT • Nonstabilized Approaches • Wind (Direction and Velocity) • Obstructions • Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear, Microburst • Runway (Condition, Length, Slope) • Night (Decreased Visibility)

6. Why Focus on Landings? Statistics indicate: 46% Of accidents occurred during the Landingphase of Flight.

7. Stabilized Approach FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

8. Approach and Landing Accidents • The Stabilized VFR Approach • On Glide Path, On Airspeed • Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref) • Downwind • Base • Final • Short Final

9. Landing - Common Errors Un-stabilized approach. Failure to allow enough room on final to set up the approach, necessitating an overly steep approach and high sink rate. Too low on approach resulting in possibly landing short. Too low an airspeed on final resulting in inability to flare properly and landing hard. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

10. Landing - Common Errors(continued) Too high an airspeed resulting in floating on round out. Prematurely reducing power to idle on round out resulting in hard landing. Touchdown with excessive airspeed. Excessive and/or unnecessary braking after touchdown. Failure to maintain directional control. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

11. Crosswind Landings

12. Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors • Unstabilized approach. • Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind component. • Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn from base leg to final approach, resulting in undershooting or overshooting. • Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final approach. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

13. Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed. Touchdown while drifting. Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of control or excessive braking. Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout. Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors (continued) FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

14. Go Around From Rejected Landing FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

15. Go Around Common Errors Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a stall Applying only partial power Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps) for climb Retracting the flaps too quickly Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures) FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

16. Approach and Landing Accidents

17. Approach and Landing Accidents

18. Approach and Landing Accidents

19. Approach and Landing Accidents Several types of pilot error can lead to a CFIT accident.

20. Approach and Landing Accidents

21. Approach and Landing Accidents The pilot continues flying the aircraft in the less-than-desirable conditions…and impacts an object, terrain, or water.

22. 2007 Weather Accidents VFR into IMC Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report

23. Approach and Landing Accidents MSA figures are extremely helpful!

24. Approach and Landing Accidents Know altitude and distance from Be aware of your DA or MDA Pay attention to the MSA landing airport

25. Approach and Landing Accidents • Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) • Key Factors • Situational Awareness – Active monitoring/scanning • Weather – Marginal VFR or IMC • Navigational/Communication errors • Terrain • Preflight Preparation and Planning

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27. Approach and Landing Accidents Fatigue causes bad decisions! • Slows problem-solving ability • Degrades motor skills • Impairs attentiveness

28. Approach and Landing Accidents Single Pilots Do It All! • Pilot • Navigator • Radio Operator • System Manager • Record Keeper • Flight Attendant

29. Approach and Landing Accidents

30. Approach and Landing Accidents • LESSONS LEARNED A current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can get into trouble. • The importance of preflight planning and preparation. • Night operations require extra planning. • Understand flap configurations. • Manage Your Focus of Attention. • Always fly the aircraft!

31. Approach and Landing Accidents • TRAINING SUGGESTIONS • Situational Awareness – Contingency plan for every takeoff and landing. • “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure, including flaps and airspeeds. • Review Graphs and Tables in the POH. • Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile • Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.

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