Economics Chapter 6

1. EconomicsChapter 6 Prices

2. Chapter 6 Section 1 Combining Supply And Demand

3. A market Equilibriumis the point at which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. At equilibrium the market for a good is stable.

4. At that point, buyers are willing to buy at the same price and quantity at which sellers are willing to sell. This price is the equilibrium price.

5. On a graph, the equilibrium point is located at the point where the supply curve and demand curve intersect. A market is said to be in disequilibrium when the quantity supplied does not equal the quantity demanded at a certain price.

6. Balancing the Market • Equilibrium Supply Price Equilibrium Demand Quantity

7. Supply Price Equilibrium Demand Quantity Equilibrium on the combined demand and supply curve is where quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied.

8. Disequilibrium occurs when quantity supplied is not equal to quantity demanded in a market. Disequilibrium can produce one of two outcomes – excess demand or excess supply.

9. Market Disequilibrium These are also the two causes for disequilibrium: • Excess Demand • Excess Supply

10. The problem of excess demand occurs when quantity demanded is more than quantity supplied. A price lower than the equilibrium price will encourage buyers and discourage sellers. Prices will rise because sellers hope to increase their profits.

11. The problem of excess supply occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Prices will fall because sellers need to sell their supply. Whenever there is excess in supply or demand, market forces work to create equilibrium.

12. In some cases the government steps in to control prices. These interventions appear as price ceilings and price floors. Sometimes governments attempt to control prices in a market.

13. Rent control is a program put in place by government to prevent inflation during a housing crisis. It is a type of program called a price ceiling, which is set by law, making essentials available to buyers.

14. Rent Control = Price Ceiling

15. One well known price floor is the minimum wage, which sets the minimum price an employer can pay an employee. The Federal Government sets the level for the minimum wage in response to rising costs and income.

16. Minimum Wage= Price Floor

17. Chapter 6 Section 2 Changes in Market Equilibrium

18. Section 1 described disequilibrium that occurs along a demand or supply curve. If a price is higher or lower that equilibrium price, market forces push prices back towards equilibrium.

19. Sometimes, however, changes in market conditions lead to the shift of an entire demand curve or supply curve. This means that the quantity demanded or supplied is now different at all prices levels.

20. These changes also push a market in disequilibrium, and market forces tend to bring it back to equilibrium. • Shifts in Supply • Technology, Cost, Government, Imports, Expectations, # of suppliers • Shifts in Demand • Income, Expectations, Population, Trends/Advertising, Substitutes, Complements

21. Shifts in Supply • Understanding a Shift Old Equilibrium New Equilibrium

22. Excess Supply Surplus

23. Producers react to the surplus by lowering prices, and eventually price and quantity reached a new equilibrium.

24. A Fall in Supply

25. An outward shift in demand can be caused by a fad, such as the surge in popularity of a new toy. Buyers want more toys than are supplied, and a shortageoccurs.

26. A shortage is when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied. During a shortage, producers and stores tend to raise prices. The market price will rise until quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded, and a new equilibrium is established.

27. Shifts in Demand Excess Demand • shortage • Search Costs A Fall in Demand

28. Graph A: A Change in Supply $800 $600 $400 $200 0 a b Original supply c Price New supply Demand 1 2 3 4 5 Output (in millions) Analyzing Shifts in Supply and Demand

29. Graph B: A Change in Demand $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 Supply c Price a b New demand Original demand 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Output (in thousands) Analyzing Shifts in Supply and Demand

30. Chapter 6 Section 3 The Role of Prices

31. The Role of Prices in a Free Market

32. Advantages of Prices Prices provide a language for buyers and sellers. 4 Advantages:

33. Four Advantages: First, prices are like signals that send information to buyers and sellers. A low price is a signal to reduce the supply or leave the market. For buyers, a low price is a signal to buy, and a high price is a signal to think before buying.

34. Second, the advantage of prices is that they are flexible. Prices can usually change more quickly than production levels. A supply shock occurs when there is a sudden shortage of a good, such as wheat or gasoline.

35. Because supply usually cannot be increased quickly, increasing prices helps resolve excess demand. So, Third, the advantage of prices is that they are their own incentive.

36. Fourth, the Price system is free for all, as the system adjusts itself under the correct actions.

37. Rationing is a system for allocating goods and services using tools other than price. Centrally planned communities use rationing, not price to distribute goods and services. Rationing is expensive to administer and it tends to lead to only a few products; not variety.

38. Efficient Resource Allocation • Resource Allocation

39. Market Problems Imperfect competition – Prices do not always work efficiently in markets in which there is not much competition, or in which buyers and sellers do not have enough information.

40. Spillover costs – • Another problem is spillover costs, such as air and water pollution, that “spill over” onto other people who have no control over how much of a good is produced.

41. Producers do not usually pay spillover costs, and the extra costs will be paid by consumers. Another problem with price correction is making decisions after receiving imperfect information

42. The graphic above demonstrates using price as a signal by which to make market decisions.