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Effects of Oil Exposure on Energetics of Captive Harlequin Ducks

Investigating the impact of oil exposure on the energetics of Harlequin Ducks through controlled oil-dosing and plumage-oiling experiments. Findings suggest minimal costs associated with CYP1A induction. Plumage-oiling effects are noted due to the sensitivity of ducks. The study contributes to understanding the consequences of oil exposure on duck populations.

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Effects of Oil Exposure on Energetics of Captive Harlequin Ducks

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  1. Effects of Oil Exposure on Energetics of Captive Harlequin Ducks Robert Bateman Daniel J. Rizzolo Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey Dan Esler Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University

  2. Harlequin Duck Population Status on Areas of Prince William Sound oiled by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 1995-1997 • Elevated biomarker CYP1A (Trust et al. 2000) • Population declines (Rosenberg and Petrula 1998) • Densities < expected (Esler et al. 2000) • Lower over-winter survival (Esler et al. 2000) Photo: Shaun Cunningham

  3. Effects on Demographic Endpoints Differences in Densities/ Numerical Declines Effects on Demographic Process Reduced Winter Survival Exposure to Oil Elevated Biomarker

  4. Effects on Demographic Endpoints Differences in Densities/ Numerical Declines Effects on Demographic Process Reduced Winter Survival Effects on Individuals ? Exposure to Oil Elevated Biomarker

  5. Question of Interest:Does exposure to oil affect the energetics of Harlequin Ducks?

  6. Experimental Approach • 2 Experiments: • 1. Oil-dosing • 2. Plumage-oiling • Measured effects on energetic endpoints: • 1. Energy Intake food consumption, bomb calorimetry • 2. Bodymass • 3. Oxygen Consumption open-circuit respirometry • 4. Daily Energy Expenditure doubly-labeled water

  7. Controlled Oil-dosingExperimental Design • Conducted during 2 winters 2000-2001 & 2001-2002 • Subjects: wild-captured adult females • 3 Treatment groups: Control: not dosed, n = 7 Low-dose: 2 mL Kg-1 wk-1, n = 7 High-dose: 20 mL Kg-1 wk-1, n = 7 • Dosed orally October – February (17 weeks)

  8. Plumage-oiling Experimental Design • 3 levels of external oil exposure - Light 1.0 mL, n = 6 - Moderate 2.5 mL, n = 4 - Heavy 5.0 mL , n = 6 • Oiled once • Remained oiled 7 days

  9. Results

  10. (n = 24) (n = 12) Oil-dosing Biomarker Induction: CYP1A

  11. Plumage-oilingExtent of oiling

  12. ResultsEnergy Intake: Oil-dosing Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 102 from 3 treatments

  13. ResultsEnergy Intake: Plumage-oiling Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 67 from 4 treatments

  14. ResultsBodymass: Oil-dosing Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 1348 from 42 subjects

  15. ResultsBodymass: Plumage-oiling Estimates from general linear model n = 16

  16. 2000-2001 2001-2002 ResultsO2 Consumption: Oil-dosing Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 153 from 37 subjects

  17. º º . º . ResultsO2 Consumption: Plumage-oiling Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 77 from 16 subjects

  18. ResultsDaily Energy Expenditure: Oil-dosing Estimates from general linear mixed effects model n = 50 from 34 subjects

  19. ResultsDaily Energy Expenditure: Plumage-oiling Estimates from general linear model n = 15

  20. Summary

  21. Effects on Demographic Endpoints Differences in Densities/ Numerical Declines Effects on Demographic Process Reduced Winter Survival Effects on Individuals Energy ? Exposure to Oil Elevated Biomarker

  22. Conclusions • Dosing • CYP1A induced without effect on energy requirement • Suggests costs associated with CYP1A are minimal • Caveat

  23. Conclusions • Dosing • CYP1A induced without effect on energy requirement • Suggests costs associated with CYP1A are minimal • Caveat • Plumage-oiling • Results not surprising • Amounts leading to effects relatively small • Harlequin Ducks particularly sensitive due to small size, foraging method, and highly insulative plumage • Potential contributor to reduced survival in oiled areas of PWS

  24. Acknowledgments Funding:Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Logistical Support: USGS Alaska Science Center and USFWS, Anchorage, AK Prince William Sound Capture Crews: Sean Boyd, Tim Bowman, Lisa DeMatteo, Adrian Gall, Tom Fondell, Elizabeth Manning, Ellie Mather, Pam Parker, John Pearce, John Reed, Dan Ruthrauff, Joel Schmutz, Jordan Stout, Kim Trust, MV Babkin, Scenic Mountain Air Veterinary Care: Pam Tuomi, DVM; Dan Mulcahy, DVM Alaska SeaLife Center Staff and Volunteers: Vic Aderholt, Dr. Shannon Atkinson, Kokele Covert, Adrian Dahood, Jessica Dunning, Millie Gray, Jenny Grayson, Karin Harris, Dr. Tuula Hollmen, Susan Inglis, Tim Lebling, Michele Guido, Kerry Lee, John Maniscalco, Jon Moreland, Dr. Natalie Noll, Stacia Sabura, Samantha Smith, and Rob Westra, especially Kelly Fielitz and Pam Parker Diet Energy Density Analysis:Sheila McLean DEE Analysis:Dr. Henk Visser, University of Groningen Biomarker Analysis:Dr. John Stegeman and Dr. Bruce Woodin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

  25. Biomarker Induction: CYP1A Oil-dosing (n = 7) (n = 12) (n = 5) (n = 12) 2000-2001 2001-2002

  26. Plumage-oiling Light-oiling Moderate-oiling Heavy-oiling

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