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TOPIC 2

TOPIC 2 . HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION. TOPICS. URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH PLANING ISSUES OF THE XIX CENTURY URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES OF THE URBAN EXPERIENCE USA VS. EUROPE USA VS. DEVELOPING WORLD

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TOPIC 2

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  1. TOPIC 2 HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION

  2. TOPICS • URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY • A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH • PLANING ISSUES OF THE XIX CENTURY • URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY • PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY • SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES OF THE URBAN EXPERIENCE • USA VS. EUROPE • USA VS. DEVELOPING WORLD • CONTEMPORARY URBAN PROBLEMS

  3. URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY • Farm productivity increase (less labor producing more output) releases some labor. • Industrialization (shift from cottage industry to mass production). • Demographic changes, in particular, migration. • Technological changes in transport and housing affected density and concentration. • Economic activities, mainly industry, are centralized and concentrated in the center of the city. • Urban growth reinforcing itself through the expansion of commercial activities.

  4. A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY FARM PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES GROWTH OF CITIES DEMOGRAPHICS (B-D) + M COMMERCIAL & SERVICES ACTIVITIES INDUSTRY GROWTH MASS PRODUCTION HOUSING

  5. PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY • Public health and sanitation are among the first urban problems planners begin dealing with. • Open space or parks become a preventive measure of some diseases. • Housing reform, mainly housing for the poor, also became another planning topic (zoning, housing codes, etc.) . • Levy describes planning as a fusion of art, architecture, and planning.

  6. PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY • A breakthrough event that gave planning its very existence is the recognition of establishing some public control over the use of private land. • Planning started to be seen as a means to deal with issues of interconnectedness and complexity giving as a a result master planning or comprehensive planning. • Planning little by little becomes a governmental function.

  7. THE CHICAGO PLAN & CIVIC ART

  8. URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY • Decentralization forces begin emerging in tandem with improvements in transportation technology (water, railroads, electric cars, combustion engine or Ford’s model T). • Transportation becomes more flexible and individualized (the density gradient becomes flatter). • As the country and the population acquire wealth, particularly after WWII, population begins to move to the outskirts of the city and suburbs forming bedroom communities.

  9. URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY • Economic activities, such as retail and services, slowly begin to decentralize and deconcentrate from the center. Centrality begins to lose its meaning. • All of the above could have not been possible without federal programs such as FHA loans, National Defense Highway act of 1956, tax incentives, etc. • Finally, industry begin to move to the suburbs and the city is transformed from a monocentric to polycentric urban form.

  10. DENSITY GRADIENT Population per square mile Distance from the center

  11. PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY • A great shift in the XX century was the acceptance of the role of government, particularly federal, as a big planner due to the lessons of the Great Depression (TVA, highways & public parks are important examples). • Dams & other water public works are another important example, particularly, for the Southwest. • Urban Renewal or poor removal • Highway planning • Municipal planning (suburbanization) • Environmental planning (Late 1960s) • Equity planning (Civil rights movement) • Growth management (1980s) • Smart Growth (1990s) • Smarter growth

  12. SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES EUROPE VS. USA • How has history influenced the development of cities? • Why doesn’t Europe have the “problem” of the empty downtown? • How has Europe approached the issue of housing affordability? • Why has Europe evolved towards a more environmentally “friendly” policies?

  13. SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES DEVELOPING WORLD VS. USA • What are the key differences of the urban process? What role does industrialization play? What role does the green revolution play? • What are the differences in the urban hierarchy of the USA and Mexico? Urban primacy vs. rank size rule. • How do the XIX century planning issues in the USA compare to the planning issues facing developing nations? • Are the differences in urban development disappearing or becoming sharper? • Are megacities such as Mexico City sustainable?

  14. (Peter Hall) First: rural to urban migration Second: Industrialization Third: Suburbanization Fourth: Deconcentration Fifth: Multicentric cities C. Fuentes First: the establishment of the border open the opportunities for commerce & services. Second: the surge of maquiladoras (industry) reorganize the urban structure and started competing with commerce & services for location near the bridges. Third: the transition from a monocentric to polycentric city. Stages of development

  15. A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY FARM PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES GROWTH OF CITIES DEMOGRAPHICS (B-D) + M COMMERCIAL & SERVICES ACTIVITIES INDUSTRIAL GROWTH MASS PRODUCTION HOUSING

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