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World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars)

Causes and Canada’s Reaction. World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars). EUROPE IN 1914. Last major European war was Franco-Prussian War of 1871 Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of France, France bitter

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World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars)

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  1. Causes and Canada’s Reaction World War I (aka…… WWI, The First World War, The Great War, The War to End All Wars)

  2. EUROPE IN 1914 • Last major European war was Franco-Prussian War of 1871 • Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of France, France bitter • Germany is a new major power in the world • Britain & France feel threatened • In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia and Herzegovina. • Many inhabitants not happy; • Serbia wants Bosnia to join them NOTE – Turkey/Ottoman Empire = “The Sick-Man of Europe”

  3. CAUSES OF WW I • M.A.N.I.A.C. • Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Assassination • Crisis

  4. Militarism • Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals - “Intimidation” • a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national policy • a glorification of the military and war itself Military displays to Show ‘The World’ The tank redefined warfare ARMY French/German desire to be #1. “My army is bigger than your army!!!” HMS Dreadnought Brt. #1 Navy

  5. ALLIANCES • Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to defend one another if attacked. “Friends” “If one goes… they all go.” • Triple Entente: “The Allies” Britain, France, Russia • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy*** ***Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies

  6. Nationalism – ‘Pride in ones country’ “Nations are like people: pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.” • Pride and patriotism in one’s nation, belief in national identity. Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled several slavic nations. - several (Bosnia) wanted out. - Serbia wanted to include Bosnia. - Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs. THE BLACK HAND – Bosnian Serbs wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.” A CANADIAN EXAMPLE QUEBEC Bosnia (Language, laws, religion)

  7. IMPERIALISM – ‘Like Canada was to Britain’ • Domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region. Due to Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, some European nations had a large portion of the world under their control. Empires became a show of strength. Countries competed for colonies around the world. Became like a game- “My Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad”

  8. ASSASSINATION - June 28, 1914: - Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assasinated by a Serbian nationalist (GavriloPrincip) while they visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.- Austria-Hungary was angry & blamed Serbia.- The Serb gov’t was not responsible but A-H saw its chance to declare war.- Russia (also a Slavic nation) backed the Serbs & declared war on A-H. Gavrilo Princip Serbian Nationalist Archduke Franz Ferdinand The ‘Crown Prince’ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

  9. CRISIS – The chain of events leading up to WW I • June 28: The Assassination. • July 6: Germany offers A-H Empire “Blank Cheque.” • July 23: A-H issues Serbia ultimatum. Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed. • July 26: Russia mobilizes forces. • July 28: Break down of diplomacy / A-H declares war on Serbia • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes army • August 3: Germany declares war on France (Schlieffen Plan – attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia) • August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain declares war on Germany

  10. THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP

  11. TRIPLE ALLIANCE WORLD LEADERS ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE ITALY VittorioEmanuele Orlando Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm Canada PM Robert Borden United States -***1917 President Woodrow Wilson Austria-Hungary – Emperor Franz Joseph Great Britain PM David Lloyd George France PM Georges Clemenceau Russia Czar Nicholas II

  12. CANADA’S RESPONSE • CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY =>British controlled • “If Britain = war =>Canada = war” • “Ready, Aye Ready! • Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa. • Cheering crowds • ‘Last Til Christmas’ • Bring French & English together????? • Truce between gov’ts • Soldiers to return heroes

  13. CANADA’S RESPONSE • CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY =>British controlled • “If Britain = war =>Canada = war” • ENLISTMENT • 25 000 promised => 30,000 Canadians enlisted • Reasons: British patriotism, adventure, honour, travel, a job, visit the ‘old country’. • DISCRIMINATION • - Women – rejected except for nurses or ambulance drivers. • Minorities – at first not allowed to enlist; eventually accepted => not promoted. (Aboriginal, African, Japanese) • CANADIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CREATED • It was assumed Canadians would join British forces • => Can. Identity created

  14. Canada’s Response (cont.) WAR MEASURES ACT -1914 Gave gov’t power to do whatever necessary to protect Canada. - censorship - suspend habeus corpus - deport enemy aliens - internment camps • Sam Hughes – Minister of Militia- ‘Goat to Hero’ • Awarded manufacturing contracts to friends (war profiteers) • Poor quality equipment and supplies (ex. Ross rifle) • Behind schedule • Fired in 1916 ASSIGNMENT Was the WMA necessary? Is it constitutional? Why did the Liberals agree to it? BOOTS Cardboard Sole?? ROSS RIFLE

  15. THE WAR ON LAND TRENCH WARFARE Battle of Attrition No Man’s Land THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN 1. Quickly through neutral Belgium => Paris, France. 2. Turn attention on Russia BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS • Russia would be slow to mobilize. X • Britain = neutral X Note – Almost worked but Western Front = trench warfare and became a stalemate. Trench Foot Gas attacks Chlorine Gas NEW TECHNOLOGY VS. ATTRITION ??

  16. CANADIAN BATTLES • BATTLE OF THE SOMME - July 1916 • - Canadians made a name for themselves • The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr. • Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence. • Old Tactics vsmachine guns. • continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses • 5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives BATTLE OF YPRES - April 22 1915. Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas => now banned 1 month = 6000 Can. Killed / wounded Poem “In Flanders Fields” • BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE – 1916 • - 1st time Can troops attacked together • - Can. Captured after years of attempts. • - a stunning victory. • 3500 dead / 7 000 wounded • created a National Pride & reputation. • PASSCHENDALE – Oct. 1917 • Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town • of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives. • Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured. • known for a ‘muddy mess.’

  17. THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA AT SEA Canada’s small merchant marine ferried munitions and food to Britain. The biplane was used for Reconnaissanceand ‘Dog Fights’. IN THE AIR The Allies used convoys to protect goods from German U-boats. The German Sinking of the Lusitania and any other vessel in the War Zone brought the USA into the war. Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps. Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “ace” Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was measured in weeks.

  18. THE HOME FRONT Canadian’s would do whatever it would take to help the war effort Exports would hit record highs – lumber, minerals, wheat, beef. Result in Canada – economy boomed but… prices rose, wages dropped =>worker discontent, HALIFAX EXPLOSION Two ships collided levelling Much of the city & killing 2000 people. Corporate & Income Tax Rationing Women in WWI Propaganda

  19. THE CONSCRIPTION CRISIS In 1917 Borden Introduced the Military Service Act Led to the Military Voters Act & Wartime Elections Act (Mandatory service) EXEMPTIONS DENIED Conscientious Objectors Disabled Clergy Special skills Essential jobs – Farmers, By 1917, it was obvious That more soldiers were needed (men & women overseas) PM Borden promised no conscription (Wives but no Consc. Obj. or enemy aliens) OPPOSITION TO CONSCRIPTION QUEBEC – WHY??? - Farmers needed at home - No connection to Brt. or Fr. - Eng vs. Fr language issues. - Fr. Soldiers not united. - Few Fr. officers. - Bourassa felt Can. had given enough -> bankrupt Can. - Married younger. Khaki Election of 1917 Fed. Election based on Borden’s efforts. Liberal Laurier opposed conscription. Farmers & Unions also opposed. ‘Rich = richer; Poor go to war’ Ind. Workers

  20. THE END OF THE WAR TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR • RUSSIA’ S “PEACE & BREAD” (Russians tired of war) Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’tfails, & socialist Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of Brest-Litovsk = Truce • U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917. “Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico Lenin RESULT THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN – Allies crush Germans. - Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives. -launch massive attack. - success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris) - Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918 Germ. Moves troops from Eastern Front to West .

  21. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE • JAN. 1919 • PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY • CENTRAL POWERS & RUSSIA NOT INVITED • TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED

  22. TREATY OF VERSAILLES - June 28, 1919 • Laid out terms of peace for Germany • President Wilson proposed ‘14-Point Plan’ based on forgiveness • France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay THE WINNERS DICTATE THE TERMS WINNERS WRITE HISTORY ! THE TERMS - German “War Guilt Clause” - Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today) Unable to meet payments - Germany loses land - German army limited to 100,000 soldiers - Not allowed U-boats or an air force - League of Nations formed

  23. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS • President Wilson’s idea • Similar to today’s United Nations • Collective Security – one country is attacked, others help defend it • Britain and France not enthused about League • Wanted to remain imperialistic • League popular with the public • Canada an independent member of League • Limitations • - Required co-operation Gutless • No military force, only • economic sanctions • Americans refused to join, • even though Wilson’s idea

  24. EFFECTS OF WWI ON CANADA • National Identity • Economy • Women’s Rights • Canadian Autonomy • International Status • French-English Relations • Racial Discrimination/WMA • Thousands Dead and Wounded Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39% Grt Brit. 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44% USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8% Spanish Influenza 7+ mil

  25. Spanish InfluenzaAfter the war, the Spanish Flu swept through he world killing over 21 million people. More than the war itself. Soldiers returned to: - No Pensions - No Medical - No Jobs - Employers got rich!! FIRST NATION SOLDIERS During war = vote under Military Voters Act *** Removed when WW I ended!!!

  26. Was WW I a positive or negativeexperience for Canada?Be sure to use Key Terms Positives Negatives Many more…… Many more……

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