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Searches for processes violating the Pauli Exclusion Principle in Sodium and Iodine

Searches for processes violating the Pauli Exclusion Principle in Sodium and Iodine. F. Nozzoli University & INFN Roma Tor Vergata. NPA4 Frascati, 8-12 June, 2009. Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) has a crucial role in physics. Experimental atomic spectra. Periodic table of elements. PEP.

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Searches for processes violating the Pauli Exclusion Principle in Sodium and Iodine

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  1. Searches for processes violating the Pauli Exclusion Principle in Sodium and Iodine F. Nozzoli University & INFN Roma Tor Vergata NPA4 Frascati, 8-12 June, 2009

  2. Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) has a crucial role in physics Experimental atomic spectra Periodic table of elements PEP Nuclear and condensed matter phenomenology commutation/anti-commutation relations of a and a+ in QFT Discovery of color in QCD Many experimental evidences/successes but a simple and easy explanation is still missing as stressed by Feynmann.

  3. Why test Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP)? Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 (1990) 705 Phys. Lett. B 242 (1990) 407 Fund. Phys. 29 (1999) 397. ...many theoretical attempts to go beyond Bose and Fermi statistics ... small probability of admixed symmetric component BUT also apparent PEP violations due to physics at higher energy scale Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1826 superficial PEP violations due to possible substructure in composite models of quark and leptons composite electron size apparent PEP violations due extra dimensions: Phys. Rev. D 39 (1989) 2032 If something in fundamental physics can be tested, then it absolutely must be tested (Okun)

  4. 4 classes of experiments: Phys. Lett. B 240 (1990) 227 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 4787 JETP Lett. 68 (1998) 112 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 2701 1) searches for PEP-forbidden electronic states in atoms 2) searches for PEP-forbidden nuclear states J. Phys. G 17 (1991) S355. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 28A (1992) 219 Phys. Lett. B 460 (1999) 236 Phys. Lett. B 641 (2006) 18 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22 (2007) 242 3) searches for PEP-forbidden electronic transitions Phys. Lett. B 306 (1993) 218 Phys. Lett. B 408 (1997) 439 Eur. Phys. J. A 6 (1999) 361 Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 87 (2000) 510 Eur. Phys. J. C 37 (2004) 421 4) searches for PEP-forbidden nuclear transitions Underground experiment site and high radiopurity set-up allow to reduce background due to PEP-allowed transitions induced by cosmic rays or environmental radioactivity

  5. Roma2,Roma1,LNGS,IHEP/Beijing DAMA: an observatory for rare processes @LNGS DAMA/R&D low bckg DAMA/Ge for sampling meas. DAMA/LXe meas. with 100Mo DAMA/NaI DAMA/LIBRA http://people.roma2.infn.it/dama

  6. DAMA/LXe: results on rare processes • Dark Matter Investigation • Limits on recoils investigating the DMp-129Xe elastic scattering by means of PSD • Limits on DMp-129Xe inelastic scattering • Neutron calibration • 129Xe vs136Xe by using PSD  SD vs SI signals to increase the sensitivity on the SD component NIMA482(2002)728 PLB436(1998)379 PLB387(1996)222, NJP2(2000)15.1 PLB436(1998)379, EPJdirectC11(2001)1 foreseen/in progress • Other rare processes: • Electron decay into invisible channels • Nuclear level excitation of 129Xe during CNC processes • N, NN decay into invisible channels in 129Xe • Electron decay: e-e • 2 decay in 136Xe • 2 decay in 134Xe • Improved results on 2 in 134Xe,136Xe • CNC decay 136Xe  136Cs • N, NN, NNN decay into invisible channels in 136Xe Astrop.P.5(1996)217 PLB465(1999)315 PLB493(2000)12 PRD61(2000)117301 Xenon01 PLB527(2002)182 PLB546(2002)23 Beyond the Desert (2003) 365 EPJA27 s01 (2006) 35 DAMA/R&D set-up: results on rare processes DAMA/Ge & LNGS Ge facility Il Nuov.Cim.A110(1997)189 Astrop. Phys. 7(1997)73 NPB563(1999)97 Astrop.Phys.10(1999)115 NPA705(2002)29 NIMA498(2003)352 NIMA525(2004)535 NIMA555(2005)270 UJP51(2006)1037 NPA789(2007)15 PRC76(2007)064603 PLB658(2008)193 EPJA36(2008)167 NPA824(2009)101 NPA(2009) in press • 2 decay in 136Ce and in 142Ce • 2EC240Ca decay • 2 decay in 46Ca and in 40Ca • 2+ decay in 106Cd • 2 and  decay in 48Ca • 2EC2 in 136Ce, in 138Ce • and  decay in 142Ce • 2+0, EC+0 decay in 130Ba • Cluster decay in LaCl3(Ce) • CNC decay 139La 139Ce •  decay of natural Eu •  decay of 113Cd •  decay of 64Zn •  decay of 108Cd and 114Cd • 20 in 136Ce; 2 in 136Ce, 138Ce • 2 in 64Zn, 70Zn, 180W, 186W • Particle Dark Matter search with CaF2(Eu) • RDs on highly radiopure NaI(Tl) set-up; • several RDs on low background PMTs; • qualification of many materials • measurements with a Li6Eu(BO3)3 crystal (NIMA572(2007)734) • measurements with 100Mo sample investigating  decay in the 4π low-bckg HP Ge facility of LNGS (NPAE(2008)473) • search for 7Li solar axions (NPA806(2008)388) • +Many other meas. already scheduled for near future NPB563(1999)97, Astrop.Phys.7(1997)73

  7. DAMA/NaI : 100 kg NaI(Tl) Performances:N.Cim.A112(1999)545-575, EPJC18(2000)283, Riv.N.Cim.26 n. 1(2003)1-73, IJMPD13(2004)2127 Results on rare processes: • Possible Pauli exclusion principle violation • CNC processes • Electron stability and non-paulian transitions in Iodine atoms (by L-shell) • Search for solar axions • Exotic Matter search • Search for superdense nuclear matter • Search for heavy clusters decays PLB408(1997)439 PRC60(1999)065501 PLB460(1999)235 PLB515(2001)6 EPJdirect C14(2002)1 EPJA23(2005)7 EPJA24(2005)51 data taking completed on July 2002, last data release 2003. Still producing results Results on DM particles: • PSDPLB389(1996)757 • Investigation on diurnal effect N.Cim.A112(1999)1541 • Exotic Dark Matter search PRL83(1999)4918 • Annual Modulation Signature PLB424(1998)195, PLB450(1999)448, PRD61(1999)023512, PLB480(2000)23, EPJC18(2000)283, PLB509(2001)197, EPJC23(2002)61, PRD66(2002)043503, Riv.N.Cim.26 n.1 (2003)1, IJMPD13(2004)2127, IJMPA21(2006)1445, EPJC47(2006)263, IJMPA22(2007)3155, EPJC53(2008)205, PRD77(2008)023506, MPLA23(2008)2125. model independent evidence of a particle DM component in the galactic halo at 6.3s C.L. total exposure (7 annual cycles) 0.29 ton x yr

  8. The new DAMA/LIBRA set-up ~250 kg NaI(Tl) (LargesodiumIodideBulk forRAreprocesses) As a result of a second generation R&D for more radiopure NaI(Tl) by exploiting new chemical/physical radiopurification techniques (all operations involving crystals and PMTs - including photos - in HP Nitrogen atmosphere) detectors during installation; in the central and right up detectors the new shaped Cu shield surrounding light guides (acting also as optical windows) and PMTs was not yet applied installing DAMA/LIBRA detectors assembling a DAMA/ LIBRA detector filling the inner Cu box with further shield • Radiopurity,performances, procedures, etc.:NIMA592(2008)297 • Results on DM particles: Annual Modulation Signature: EPJC56(2008)333 • Results on rare processes:Possible processes violating • the Pauli exclusion principle in Na and I: EPJC(2009) • doi 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1068-1 closing the Cu box housing the detectors view at end of detectors’ installation in the Cu box

  9. 3 2 e 4 a 1 5 Some on residual contaminants in new NaI(Tl) detectors Second generation R&D for new DAMA/LIBRA crystals: new selected powders, physical/chemical radiopurification, new selection of overall materials, new protocol for growing and handling a/e pulse shape discrimination has practically 100% effectiveness in the MeV range The measured a yield in the new DAMA/LIBRA detectors ranges from 7 to some tens a/kg/day From time-amplitude method. If 232Th chain at equilibrium: it ranges from 0.5 ppt to 7.5 ppt 232Th residual contamination First estimate: considering the measured aand 232Th activity, if 238U chain at equilibrium 238U contents in new detectors typically range from 0.7 to 10 ppt 238U residual contamination live time = 570 h 238U chain splitted into 5 subchains: 238U  234U  230Th  226Ra  210Pb  206Pb Thus, in this case: (2.1±0.1) ppt of 232Th; (0.35 ±0.06) ppt for 238U and: (15.8±1.6) Bq/kg for 234U + 230Th; (21.7±1.1) Bq/kg for 226Ra; (24.2±1.6) Bq/kg for 210Pb. natK residual contamination double coincidences The analysis has given for the natK content in the crystals values not exceeding about 20 ppb 129I and 210Pb 129I/natI ≈1.710-13 for all the new detectors ... more on NIMA592(2008)297 210Pb in the new detectors: (5 − 30) mBq/kg. No sizeable surface pollution by Radon daugthers, thanks to the new handling protocols

  10. A) Search for non-paulian nuclear processes Example of a process violating PEP: deexcitation of a nucleon from the shell Ni to the No lower (full) shell. The energy is converted to another nucleon at shell N through strong interaction, resulting to excitation to the unbound region. (analogy: Auger emission) Proton emission Ep> 10 MeV for 23Na and 127I: PEP violating transition PEP violation parameter (mixing probability of non fermion statistics) PEP violating transition width PEP allowed transition width (as if the state No would be empty)

  11. Calculation of PEP allowed transition Momentum distribution function of nucleons in the bound state calculated in 2 cases: a) Fermi distribution kf = 255MeV/c b) “realistic” distribution functions accounting for correlation effects (PRC43(1991)1155 very similar for all nuclei with A>12 used the case of 56Fe) direct exchange Coulomb barrier effect: low energy protons cannot escape from the nucleus

  12. The former results obtained with 100 Kg low background DAMA/NaI For PEP violating nuclear processes: events where just one detector fires. PLB 408 (1997) 439 Exposure: N x t = 2.46 1032 nuclei x s NaI(Tl) 6.13 x 107 kg x s 0 events in the 10 - 36 MeV range internal ’s PLB 408 (1997) 439 Є proton detection efficiency ≈ 100%

  13. Assuming  to have the same threshold dependence of PLB 408 (1997) 439 average escape prob. of the excited proton Width calculated for escape and tunneling prob. of the excited proton gW(k) = gc(k) = 1 Models for momentum distribution function Limits on 2 are strongly model dependent; a cautious approach could be to consider: Lower limit on the mean life for non-paulian proton emission:  > 0.7 x 1025 y for 23Na, > 0.9 x 1025 y for 127I

  14. First results on PEP-violating nuclear processes with DAMA/LIBRA EPJC(2009) doi 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1068-1 570h running time, optimized for very high energy At very high energy (E > 10 MeV) background is due to the very high energy muons possibly surviving the mountain. For PEP violating nuclear processes: events where just one detector fires. BKG Muon events evaluated by MC non present in the inner core (veto) For E > 10 MeV 17 events in the upper/lower plane of detector (10 cryst.) 0 events in the central planes of detector (14 cryst.) 

  15. EPJC(2009) doi 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1068-1 I II II II I III I II II II I Lower limit on the mean life for non-paulian proton emission:  > 2 x 1025 y for 23Na, > 2.5 x 1025 y for 127I cautious approach:

  16. DAMA/LIBRA expected sensitivity in case of 3 yr of data taking optimized for high energy SpinStat08 in Foundation of Physics, to appear • MonteCarlo simulation • vertical muon intensity distribution • Gran Sasso rock overburden map events where just one detector fires. no background contribution is expected in the 9 NaI(Tl) detectors in the inner core (c) of DAMA/LIBRA during ~ 1000 days exposure in the 10 - 35 MeV energy interval interesting for PEP Reachable by DAMA/LIBRA with 3 yr exposure optimized for high energy and without any simulated muon background subtraction > 1 order of magnitude improvement with respect to available limits for 23Na and 127I

  17. B) Search for non-paulian electronic transitions PEP violating electron Electronic configuration schema of I anion (54 electrons) in Na+I- crystal M L K s p d example of a PEP violating transition of Iodine electron to the full k-shell followed by the atomic shells rearrangement. The total released energy (x-ray + Auger electrons) is approximately equal to k-shell ionization potential ( ≈ 32 keV)

  18. First results on PEP-violating electronic transitions with DAMA/LIBRA EPJC(2009) doi 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1068-1 Exposure: 0.53 ton × yr tPV> 4.7 x 1030 s (90% C.L.) normal electromagnetic dipole transition to Iodine K-shell: t0 ≈6 x 10-17 s de2 < 1.28  10-47 (90% C.L.). one order of magnitude more stringent than the previous one (ELEGANTS V) (VIP sensitivity with a different approach in Cu sample is 10-28 with final goal 10-31) excluded This limit can also be related to a possible finite size of the electron in composite models of quarks and leptons providing supercial violation of the PEP; the obtained upper limit on the electron size is: r0 < 5.710-18 cm (energy scale of E > 3.5 TeV).

  19. CONCLUSIONS • PEP-violating spontaneous emission of protons: • First DAMA/LIBRA results: δ2 < (3 – 4) × 10−55 • Na> 2 x 1025 y andI > 2.5 x 1025 y • Sensitivity reachable in 3y of data taking optimized for high energy: δ2 < (1 – 2) × 10−56 • PEP-violating electronic transitions in Iodine: • First DAMA/LIBRA results: δe2 < 1.28 × 10−47 • Investigation of composite model of quark and leptons: r0 < 5.710-18 cm (energy scale of E > 3.5 TeV). • First upgrade of DAMA/LIBRA in September 2008 • Replacement of PMT achieving higher Q.E.:in preparation • Possible future perspectives: • dedicated DAMA/LIBRA data taking optimized for high energy collecting a larger exposure for PEP investigation with sensitivity up to 2 ~ 10-56 • + • highly radiopure NaI(Tl) multi-purpose set-up DAMA/1 ton • (proposed by DAMA in 1996) at R&D phase

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