Chapter Three: Ethics in Psychological Research

1. Chapter Three:Ethics in Psychological Research

2. The Need for Ethical Principles

3. The Need for Ethical Principles • Psychologists must ask and answer questions such as:

4. The Need for Ethical Principles • Psychologists must ask and answer questions such as: • Are we putting our participants at risk?

5. The Need for Ethical Principles • Psychologists must ask and answer questions such as: • Are we putting our participants at risk? • Is our experimental treatment harmful?

6. The Need for Ethical Principles • Psychologists must ask and answer questions such as: • Are we putting our participants at risk? • Is our experimental treatment harmful? • Is the information we will gather from our experiment worth the potential risk and harm to participants that is involved?

7. The Need for Ethical Principles • Four instances that created major concern regarding research ethics are cited in your text. These are:

8. The Need for Ethical Principles • Four instances that created major concern regarding research ethics are cited in your text. These are: • The medical atrocities of World War II

9. The Need for Ethical Principles • Four instances that created major concern regarding research ethics are cited in your text. These are: • The medical atrocities of World War II • The Tuskegee syphilis project

10. The Need for Ethical Principles • Four instances that created major concern regarding research ethics are cited in your text. These are: • The medical atrocities of World War II • The Tuskegee syphilis project • The Willowbrook hepatitis project

11. The Need for Ethical Principles • Four instances that created major concern regarding research ethics are cited in your text. These are: • The medical atrocities of World War II • The Tuskegee syphilis project • The Willowbrook hepatitis project • Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies of the 1960’s

12. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research:

13. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research: • Participants should consent to participate in research.

14. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research: • Participants should consent to participate in research. • Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research project.

15. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research: • Participants should consent to participate in research. • Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research project. • Risks should be avoided whenever possible.

16. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research: • Participants should consent to participate in research. • Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research project. • Risks should be avoided whenever possible. • Participants should be conducted by scientifically qualified personnel.

17. The Need for Ethical Principles • Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles of research: • Participants should consent to participate in research. • Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research project. • Risks should be avoided whenever possible. • Participants should be conducted by scientifically qualified personnel. • Participants have the right to discontinue participation at any time.

18. Psychological Detective

19. Psychological Detective • Which principles of the Nuremburg Codedid the Tuskegee syphilis study violate?

20. Psychological Detective • Which principles of the Nuremburg Code did the Tuskegee syphilis study violate? • How did the study violate these principles?

21. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Is Deception in Research Necessary?

22. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Experiments such as the Tuskegee syphilis project and Milgram’s study have led to the development of ethical guidelines by the APA.

23. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Experiments such as the Tuskegee syphilis project and Milgram’s study have led to the development of ethical guidelines by the APA. • The APA adopted and published the original code of ethics in 1973; it was revised in 1982, and again in 2002.

24. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Some APA principles have proved to be controversial:

25. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Some APA principles have proved to be controversial: • Placing research participants “at risk” or “at minimal risk

26. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Some APA principles have proved to be controversial: • Placing research participants “at risk” or “at minimal risk • Informing participants of such risks

27. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Some APA principles have proved to be controversial: • Placing research participants “at risk” or “at minimal risk • Informing participants of such risks • Securing “informed consent” from participants

28. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Some APA principles have proved to be controversial: • Placing research participants “at risk” or “at minimal risk • Informing participants of such risks • Securing “informed consent” from participants • Use of “deception” in research

29. Psychological Detective • Why do you think these principles have proven to be controversial in conducting psychological research?

30. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Is Deception in Research Necessary?

31. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Is Deception in Research Necessary? • Providing a complete explanation or description of the project may influence the participants’ responses.

32. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Is Deception in Research Necessary? • Providing a complete explanation or description of the project may influence the participants’ responses. • It is arguable that deception may be justified in some cases if our results are to be unbiased or uncontaminated by knowledge of the experiment and the expectancies that such knowledge may bring.

33. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Informed Consent

34. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Informed Consent • The informed consent form should include the following information:

35. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Informed Consent • The informed consent form should: • Give a general description of the project in which the participants are going to participate.

36. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Informed Consent • The informed consent form should: • Give a general description of the project in which the participants are going to participate. • Inform the participants that no penalties will be invoked if they choose not to participate.

37. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Informed Consent • The informed consent form should: • Give a general description of the project in which they are going to participate. • Inform the participants that no penalties will be invoked if they choose not to participate. • Clearly state that participants have the right to withdraw their participation at any time they desire.

38. Psychological Detective • Even though it may not be readily apparent, the process of informed consent has given researchers a new variable to manipulate. What is this variable?

39. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk

40. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at risk:

41. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at risk: are participants who, by virtue of their participation in the research project, are placed under some emotional or physical risk.

42. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at risk: are participants who, by virtue of their participation in the research project, are placed under some emotional or physical risk. • Securing informed consent from participants at risk is a mandatory condition.

43. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at risk: are participants who, by virtue of their participation in the research project, are placed under some emotional or physical risk. • Securing informed consent from participants at risk is a mandatory condition. • What about those participants at risk who are participating in a study involving deception?

44. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at risk: are participants who, by virtue of their participation in the research project, are placed under some emotional or physical risk. • Securing informed consent from participants at risk is a mandatory condition. • What about those participants at risk who are participating in a study involving deception? • How do we satisfy the ethical guidelines in such as case?

45. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at minimal risk:

46. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Participants at Risk and Participants at Minimal Risk • Participants at minimal risk: are participants who will experience no harmful effects through taking part in the research project.

47. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Vulnerable populations

48. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Vulnerable populations • Researchers need to consider factors such as:

49. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Vulnerable populations • Researchers need to consider factors such as: • Health of participants

50. APA Principles in the Conduct of Research with Humans • Vulnerable populations • Researchers need to consider factors such as: • Health of participants • Age of participants