AP PSYCHOLOGY

1. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

2. AP PSYCHOLOGY What is Normal?

3. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder • a condition in which behavior is judged: • atypical- not enough in itself • disturbing- varies with time & culture • maladaptive- harmful • unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good reason

4. Psychological Disorders • Criteria for Identifying Abnormal Behavior • Patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological: • Statistical infrequency • Disability or dysfunction • Personal distress • Violation of norms

5. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

6. Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder) Psychological Disorders • Bio-psycho-social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

7. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • DSM-IV-TR • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)(Text Revision) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

8. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

9. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) • usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety • Psychotic disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

10. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

11. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder Marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

12. Anxiety Disorders • Generalized Anxiety Disorder Client is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

13. Anxiety Disorders • Phobia Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation (unfounded fear) 13th Floor

14. Anxiety Disorders Arachibutyrophobia Agoraphobia Claustrophobia Arachnophobia Acrophobia Xenophobia Mysophobia Hematophobia Triskedekaphobia Erythrophobia Pantaphobia

15. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive- O Compulsive C Disorder D Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

16. Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Percentage* Reporting Symptom Thought or Behavior Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40% Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 24% Symmetry order, or exactness 17%

17. Anxiety Disorders Percentage* Reporting Symptom Thought or Behavior Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming 85% Repeating rituals (in/out of a door,up/down from a chair) 51% Checking doors, locks, car brake, and homework 46%

18. Anxiety Disorders • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • Follows exposure to a life threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness. • Characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning.

19. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

20. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorders Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

21. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Amnesia Selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress.

22. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Fugue Flight from one’s home and identity accompanies amnesia

23. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Identity Disorder Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

24. Somatoform Disorders • Somatoform Disorders Having to do with the body, disorders of the mind affect parts of the body.

25. Somatoform Disorders • Conversion Disorder • Hypochondriasis

26. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

27. Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders Characterized by emotional extremes.

28. Mood Disorders • Dysthymic Disorder On a continuum between the temporary blue moods and the crushing impact of major depression is the down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly every day, for two years or more.

29. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

30. Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 15 10 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life USA Canada Puerto France West Italy Lebanon Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Who Gets Depressed? 5 0

31. Mood Disorders • Bipolar Disorder A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.

32. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

33. Mood Disorders-Depression Altering any one component of the brain chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood

34. 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood Mood Disorders-Depression The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

35. Explanatory Styles - Seligman Optimistic Explanatory Style External, unstable, and specific Internal, stable, and global Depressive Explanatory Style Internal, stable, and global External, unstable, and specific Bad Events Good Events

36. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Suicides per 100,000 people The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Females Males Mood Disorders- Suicide

37. In recent decades teen suicides have risen Suicide rate per 100,000 people 12 8 4 0 1960 1993 Ages 15-19 All Ages Mood Disorders-Suicide

38. AP PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

39. Schizophrenia V. Schizophrenia Literal translation “split mind” A group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: A. disorganized and delusional thinking B. disturbed perceptions C. inappropriate emotions and actions

40. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

41. Schizophrenia • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences such as seeing or hearing something without any external visual stimulus

42. Schizophrenia • Loosened Associations • Disturbance of language and thought where connections are not tightly knit • Words lose their meanings and associations, logic is impaired - construction in “normal” thought A=B=C for a schizophrenic A=T=F=X

43. Schizophrenia • Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

44. Schizophrenia • Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

45. Schizophrenia • Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot like repeating of • Another’s speech or movements

46. Schizophrenia • Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of these.

47. 40 30 20 10 0 Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Identical twin Schizophrenia Children of two Schizophrenia victims

48. Etiology of Schizophrenia • Brain Abnormalities – symptoms might have a biochemical key A. Dopamine Overactivity – excess receptors for dopamine (6 X D4 receptor) B. Brain Anatomy – not a single brain abnormality but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections.

49. Etiology of Schizophrenia • Abnormal Brain Activity • 1. Low activity in the frontal lobes • 2. Vigorously active in several core regions, including the thalamus, while hallucinating • 3. Large fluid filled areas and corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue – hippocampus and amygdala

50. Etiology of Schizophrenia • Genetic Factors – predisposition to a brain abnormality may be inherited However, twin studies show that some people have a genetic predisposition to the disorder but that this predisposition by itself is not sufficient for the development of schizophrenia. Other prenatal ingredients are factors.