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Current Applications for an Array of Water Level Gauge Stations

Current Applications for an Array of Water Level Gauge Stations. New Discoveries in the Seiche Band and the Meteorological-Oceanic Band. Edwin Alfonso-Sosa, Ph. D. Ocean Physics Education, Inc. , 2014. A Tide Gauge is a Water Level Gauge (WLG).

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Current Applications for an Array of Water Level Gauge Stations

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  1. Current Applications for an Array of Water Level Gauge Stations New Discoveries in the Seiche Band and the Meteorological-Oceanic Band Edwin Alfonso-Sosa, Ph. D. Ocean Physics Education, Inc. , 2014

  2. A Tide Gauge is a Water Level Gauge (WLG) • The term “tide-gauge” is inadequate to describe or contain all the current applications of this kind of oceanographic instrument. A more proper name should be a Water Level Gauge (WLG), because it measures changes or oscillations in water levels due to a myriad of oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena. Tides are just one contributor to water level variability.

  3. Physical Parameters Measured by WLG’s A single station can record: An array of stations allow us to determine the: Coherencebetweenstations Age or lag time of any event. Important for warning systems. Spreading or Spatial Coverage of an event Wave Speed or Celerity Pinpoint the Source Area of a particular event • WaterLevelHeight • Amplitudeof theoscillation • Time • Time scale of the oscillation • Period or Frequency of oscillation • Arrival time of a particular oscillation • Form • Linear ornonlinearform • Symmetricorasymmetricform • Single ormixedform

  4. Ocean Phenomena and Some Applications of WLG's METEOROLOGICAL-OCEANIC EFFECTS Changes in Atmospheric Pressure and Winds Storm surge Changes in Ocean Circulation Geostrophiccurrents Oceaniceddies Kelvin waves Coastaltrappedwaves (CTW’s) Edgewaves ClimaticProcesses ThermalHeating • COASTAL SEICHES • Meteorological Origin • Meteotsunami • OceanicOrigin • InternalSolitaryWaves(InternalSolitons) • SeismicOrigin • Tsunamis • TIDES • Hydrography • Prediction of TidalHeights • TidalDatum, Chart Datum • LONG-TERM TRENDS OF SEA LEVEL • MSL Trend due to Global Warming • Vertical Motions of the Earth’s Crust

  5. WLG’s measure oceans phenomena in a wide range of space-time scales

  6. An Array of WLG’s is a Sensitive Instrument Capable of New Discoveries Let’s see some recent discoveries made possible by the WLG’s array. • In the Seiche Band • 2011-Discovery of the Magueyes Cycle of extreme seiche activity (T= 6202.2 ± 1.3 days, 16.98 years) • 2011-Discovery of Meteotsunamis generated by pressure jumps associated with the arrival of strong tropical waves • 2013-First measurements of a TransatlanticMeteotsunami • In theMeteorological-Oceanic Band • 2011-Discovery of EdgeWaves trapped on the CaboRojo-Mayaguez Shelf, about 30 hours after the passage of Hurricane Irene over Puerto Rico • In the Long-Term Band • 2012-Two stations confirm a positive trend of Sea Level Rise around Puerto Rico.

  7. LocallyGeneratedMeteotsunamis Discoveredbymeans of theWLG’sArray

  8. Meteotsunami • The term Meteotsunami is used to designate a series of waves in a harbor (bay) that show a similar frequency or amplitude to that of a tsunami generated by earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruption but unlike these, its origin is associated with an atmospheric disturbance able to generate a barotropic long wave in the open sea, resonate with it (Proudman resonance) as approaches the coast. Once reaches the harbor (bay) is capable of forcing a number of waves, which enter in a second resonancewith the harbor (bay) which amplifies it again. The meteotsunami only occurs in certain harbors (bays) where this double resonance is possible. • Atmospheric disturbances • a jump in atmospheric pressure • atmospheric gravity waves • the passage of a front • a line of strong winds (squall)

  9. AUG-16-2011 Tropical Wave

  10. Atmospheric Pressure Jumps

  11. Meteotsunami on AUG-16-2011 detectedbytheWLG’sarray 50 km 25 km 10 km

  12. Meteotsunami detected by a WLG at Puerto Real, CaboRojo Units are feet

  13. Meteotsunami Genesis in three steps for Fajardo Harbor

  14. Path length of the Meteotsunami, 51 km

  15. Meteotsunamis are frequent on August Six events between 2011 and 2014

  16. Meteotsunamis are easiertodetect in widerplatforms and narrowharbors WaterLevel Record DetidedSignal

  17. Speed of a Transatlantic Meteotsunami Discoveredbymeans of theWLG’sArray

  18. Some Derechos can generate Meteotsunamis • A derecho is a widespread, long-lived wind storm. Derechos are associated with bands of rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms variously known as bow echoes, squall lines, Wind damage extends for more than 240 miles (about 400 kilometers), includes wind gusts of at least 58 mph (93 km/h) along most of its length, and several, well-separated 75 mph (121 km/h) or greater gusts. Extracted from the web site: ABOUT DERECHOS Part of the NOAA-NWS-NCEP Storm Prediction Center web sitePrepared by Stephen F. Corfidi, Jeffry S. Evans, and Robert H. Johns (with the help of many others) http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm

  19. June 13 2013 Derecho http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/SPC_low_end_derecho.png

  20. FourWLG’smadepossibletomeasurethemeteotsunami’sspeed June 13 2013 DART buoy Sta. 44402, H=2443 m, 39.399 N 70.942 W, located 186 miles east of Atlantic City, NJ. Travelled 1478 miles in 3.25 h. DetectedbyWLG’slocated at: Arecibo, Punta Cana and Mona Island.

  21. Meteotsunami Height in Deep-Waterwas 2.1 cm

  22. Meteotsunami: Bermuda and Mona

  23. Meteotsunami speedwas 455 MPH

  24. Three Previous Transatlantic Meteotsunamis in Mona Island Average Speed is 427 MPH

  25. Do larger meteotsunamis show faster speeds? We need more data.

  26. Mean Sea Level trend in Puerto Rico Discoveredbymeans of theWLG’sArray

  27. WLG’s Records in Puerto Rico (1955-2012) Magueyes Island 1.81 mm/yr San Juan Harbor 2.19 mm/yr

  28. Acknowledgements Weacknowledgethe use of WLG’s Data and OceanBuoy Data providedbythefollowing: • CariCOOS • IOC • CIMSS - University of Wisconsin-Madison • NOAA / NOS / CO-OPS • NOAA / NDBC / DART Program • NOAA / NWS

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